Townscape transformations in dockland areas: case studies in the UK

The dockland redevelopment phenomenon, which first occurred in North America over twenty years ago, has become a significant aspect of urban change. Extensive redevelopment of decaying and moribund dockland sites first began in Britain during the 1970s, continued throughout the 'property boom' years of the 1980s and is still occurring - albeit at a much reduced rate - in the 1990s. However, while extensive research has been carried out on the social and economic aspects of dockland rejuvenation, very little is known about the physical or townscape aspects of this process. The present study addresses this gap in research. The processes of recent townscape change are examined in three dockland areas - London, Cardiff and Bristol. In two of these areas redevelopment was initiated either partly or wholly by Urban Development Corporations, and in the third, redevelopment was initiated by a City Planning Authority. First, there is an analysis of the roles of those who are responsible for creating the built environment, such as developers, architects, planning authorities, Urban Development Corporations and residents of dockland developments. Secondly, there is a dicussion of how the decisions taken by these 'agents of townscape change' affect the physical forms that have resulted in docklands. Thirdly, the views of dockland residents on the cultural and symbolic significance of dockland townscapes are examined. The principal data sources are the Development Control records held by Cardiff and Bristol City Planning Authorities, semi-structured interviews conducted with Urban Development Corporations, developers and architects, and extensive fieldwork. These data are supplemented by a questionnaire survey of dockland residents. The main conclusion of the thesis is threefold. First, it is evident that Urban Development Corporations differ from planning authorities in their approaches to development control and design control. For example, whereas the London Docklands Development Corporation has an extremely flexible, Iaissez faire, approach to planning, Bristol CPA has adopted a far more through-going, interventionist approach. A second conclusion is that developers are primarily concerned with 'profit-maximisation', and if they consider design at all, it is of little overall importance. Developers of dockland sites are without exception national companies who employ 'external' rather than 'in-house' architects. Thirdly, it is evident that residents of docklands generally like both the architectural appearance of the developments in which they live, and in particular the layout and design of waterfront areas. In spite of this, many have difficulty in understanding the more deeply-rooted symbolic or semiotic meanings that are conveyed by some Post-Modern buildings

Understanding Loan Use and Debt Burden Among Low-income and Minority Students at a Large Urban Community College

This study examined a sample of community college students from a diverse, large urban community college system in Texas. To gain a deeper understanding about the effects of background characteristics on student borrowing behaviors and enrollment outcomes, the study employed descriptive statistics and regression techniques to examine two separate samples of students consisting of 1) loan recipients and 2) non-loan recipients. Chen’s heterogeneous research model served as the conceptual framework in the selection of predictors of interest and outcome variables. This study primarily focused on the relationship between borrowing and enrollment outcomes of low-income and racially/ethnically diverse students. Results show that students taking on debt at Metropolitan Community College (a pseudonym) are primarily female, Black, over the age of 20, low-income, and not academically prepared. While race/ethnicity did not significantly influence cumulative debt amount, race/ethnicity did account for significant differences in the likelihood of completion or transfer for both loan recipients and non-loan recipients

NEPC Review: Yearning to Break Free: Ohio Superintendents Speak Out

The report, Yearning to Break Free: Ohio Superintendents Speak Out, describes findings of a survey of 246 Ohio school superintendents about critical issues facing the state&rsquo;s educational system. In particular, the intent of the study was to examine how superintendents might do more with fewer resources. The authors conclude that Ohio districts need increased managerial authority and control over state revenue streams and other funds; transformed collective bargaining rights; and repeal of automatic increases in teacher salaries. Such efforts, they argue, are imperative to improve the educational opportunities of all children in the state. But the authors do not provide evidence to support this latter claim. The combined effects of non-representative sampling, loaded or inappropriately worded items, and the conflating of opinion and fact make the report&rsquo;s conclusions problematic. Myriad factors contribute to student achievement, including home and community effects, campus resources (material and non-material), as well as teacher competence which are not examined or considered. And, despite the reported finding that superintendents prefer greater autonomy in personnel and school policies over increased funding, the majority of superintendents also contend that they would see a trade-off of more autonomy with a decrease in funding as undesirable. While the report&rsquo;s main thrust is to justify flat or reduced spending, the report lacks sufficient rigor to make it useful to guide policy or practice.</p

Impact of financial aid on persistence: The case of the University of Chile

Introducción: la literatura internacional acerca de la persistencia en la educación superior sugiere que la ayuda financiera entregada a los estudiantes afecta positivamente sus resultados académicos. Sin embargo, en Chile existe escasa investigación respecto a este tema, y en particular no se diferencian los efectos de los distintos tipos de ayuda. De acuerdo a esto, el presente estudio tiene por objetivo explorar en qué medida los diferentes tipos y cantidades de ayuda financiera impactan la probabilidad de persistencia de los estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile. Métodos: se utilizó el modelo cuantitativo de supervivencia para el análisis de eventos históricos, el cual permite, a partir de datos longitudinales, estudiar cómo distintos factores se relacionan con la aparición de un evento en diferentes momentos del tiempo y determinar si estos tienen efectos que cambian en función del tiempo. Las variables utilizadas fueron académicas (carrera, notas, etc.), financieras (tipo de ayuda, montos, etc.) y socio-económicas (región de origen, tipo de establecimiento de educación secundaria, etc.). La información se obtuvo de tres bases de datos de la Universidad de Chile y se analizaron las cohortes de ingreso 2009 y 2010. Resultados y Discusión: los resultados muestran que el otorgamiento de una combinación de becas y préstamos estatales, institucionales y/o de origen privado aumenta la probabilidad de permanecer en la Universidad. En particular, se destaca que las becas de mantención tienen un mayor efecto que las ayudas de arancel, y, a su vez, el crédito tiene un mayor impacto que las becasIntroduction: the international literature on persistence in higher education suggests that students’ financial aid affects positively their academic results. However, in Chile and in Latin America in general, there is little research on this issue, and in particular the effects of different types of aid are not differentiated. According to this, the present study has the objective of exploring to what extent the different types and amounts of financial aid impact the probability of persistence of the students of the University of Chile. Methods: the quantitative survival model was used for the analysis of historical events, which allows, from longitudinal data, to study how different factors are related to the appearance of an event at different moments of time and to determine if these have effects that change as a function of time. The variables used were academic (career, grades, etc.), financial (type of aid, amounts, etc.) and socio-economic (region of origin, type of secondary education institution, etc.). The information was obtained from three University of Chile databases; the 2009 and 2010 income cohorts were analyzed. Results and Discussion: the results show that granting a combination of scholarships and state, institutional and / or private loans increases students’ probability of persisting in the University. In particular, it is highlighted that grants that cover cost of living expenses have a greater effect than tuition grants, and, in turn, credit has a greater impact than scholarship

Financial Aid Packaging at Community Colleges: Which types of awards packages increase student persistence?

Increasing college costs, coupled with decreasing financial aid has raised public concerns over the affordability of higher education. For the past four decades, the nation has seen the cost of tuition rise at levels that exceed inflation, and financial assistance rates that have not kept pace with that growth. Studies suggest that these financial resources play a role in influencing college attendance decisions and persistence for low-income students. This study examines the characteristics of zero-EFC students as compared to non-zero EFC students and determines the extent to which a gift-aid only, and gift-aid plus loans awards package affects the likelihood of persistence. Also, it explores the relationship between the ratio of loans-to-gift-aid, and the likelihood of persistence across income levels. By employing logistic regression, this study aims to determine if there are differential effects among financial aid award packages, and if the ratio of a loans-to-gift-aid package affects persistence by income status. Results demonstrated that a gift-aid only package, and a gift-aid plus loans package negatively influenced the enrollment outcomes of zero-EFC students and positively influenced the enrollment outcomes of high-income students. Additionally, when examining the ratio of loans-to-gift-aid for students with a gift-aid and loans package, results showed that the higher the ratio of loans to gift-aid, the higher the likelihood of persistence for all income levels. In an era where the rising costs of a college education are becoming more difficult to cover with present levels of financial aid, earning a higher education credential is possible if students are willing to take on educational debt. A comprehensive higher education plan that acknowledges financial barriers as fundamental obstacles to the college success of its lowest income students is necessary to preserving equal opportunity to upward social mobility

Uso de fontes legais adicionais em breves de amicus curiae apresentados em Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin

As the political arena becomes increasingly polarized, the legal arena is playing a more important role in the creation of education policy in the United States. One critical stage in the legal process for such efforts is at briefing where “amici curiae,” or friends-of-the-court, may introduce additional arguments for the court to consider through the filing of amicus curiae briefs. To explore the use of extra-legal sources by amici, we focus on the 2013 U.S. Supreme Court case Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin and ask the questions: 1) What are the types, and relative use by amici, of extra-legal sources cited in the briefs submitted in Fisher I? and 2) What is the relative use of extra-legal sources cited in amicus briefs by supporting party and by category of amici? Our findings reveal the wide-range of extra-legal sources used in amicus briefs, and that the type of extra-legal sources incorporated may be associated with who the amici are and which party they support. Ultimately, we discuss potential reasons for the differences observed in the use of extra-legal sources and offer recommendations to more effectively engage in the policy briefing process.A medida que la arena política se polariza cada vez más la arena legal juega un papel más importante en la creación de una política educativa en los Estados Unidos. Una etapa crítica en el proceso legal para tales esfuerzos es en una sesión de información donde “amici curiae”, o amigos de la corte, pueden presentar argumentos adicionales para que la corte los considere mediante la presentación de escritos amicus curiae. Para explorar el uso de fuentes extra legales por amici, nos enfocamos en el caso 2013 de la U.S.Supreme Court Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin y hacemos las siguientes preguntas: 1) ¿Cuáles son los tipos y el uso relativo de los amici de fuentes legales citadas en los escritos presentados en Fisher I? y 2) ¿Cuál es el uso relativo de las fuentes extra legales citadas en los escritos amicus por la parte que apoya y por categoría de amici? Nuestros hallazgos revelan la amplia gama de fuentes extra legales utilizadas en los informes amicus, y que el tipo de fuentes extra legales incorporadas puede asociarse con quiénes son los amici y qué partido apoyan. En última instancia, discutimos las posibles razones de las diferencias observadas en el uso de fuentes extra legales y ofrecemos recomendaciones para participar de manera más efectiva en el proceso de información sobre políticas.À medida que a arena política se torna cada vez mais polarizada a arena legal desempenha um papel mais importante na criação de uma política educacional nos Estados Unidos. Um estágio crítico no processo legal para tais esforços é em uma sessão de informação onde “amici curiae”, ou amigos do tribunal, podem apresentar argumentos adicionais para que o juiz considere arquivar amicus curiae briefs. Para explorar o uso de fontes legais extra pela Amici, nós nos concentramos no caso de 2013 do U.S. Supreme Court Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin e fazemos as seguintes perguntas: 1) Quais são os tipos e o uso relativo de amici de fontes legais citadas nos trabalhos apresentados em Fisher I? e 2) Qual é o uso relativo das fontes extralegais citadas nos resumos de amicus pelo partido que apoia e pela categoria amici? Nossas descobertas revelam a ampla variedade de fontes legais extra usadas nos relatórios de amicus e que o tipo de fontes extralegais incorporadas pode ser associado com quem é o amici e qual partido eles apoiam. Em última análise, discutimos os possíveis motivos das diferenças observadas no uso de fontes extralegais e oferecemos recomendações para participar de forma mais efetiva no processo de informação política

Measuring What Matters: A Case Study of Measurement Development Methods for Institutionally Identified Student Learning Outcomes

Divisions of student affairs are impacted by an increased demand for accountability and the assessment of student learning in the co curricular must be addressed. This study documented the measurement development processes for a student affairs division at a large, urban research institution. The research question for this study was: What processes did departments within a division of student affairs at a large urban research university use to develop assessment measures of student learning outcomes? A case study of a student affairs division from a large metropolitan area in the mid-western United States (MMU, a four-year high research university) was conducted for academic year 2012-2013. In the year of this study, there were eight departments within the Division of Student Affairs at MMU; six of which participated. The methods employed in this study included: interviews of leadership within the Division of Student Affairs and document analysis of 34 instruments. A significant contribution of this study was the identification of the development methods used for assessment instruments across a division intended to measure institutionally defined student learning outcomes. Findings from this study include themes of resources and timing for development. The study assists in understanding implications for practice, including the resources divisions of student affairs need to address accountability to constituents

Um caso para competências: avaliar o valor do traço-baseado: Avaliação de desempenho para os funcionários não-faculdade da Universidade

A case study analyzed how supervisors at one university selected competencies, or trait-based skills, for non-faculty employees. This case study provides a valuable contribution by focusing on employees at one institution type–a large, public research university. While it has been documented that non-faculty employees provide important contributions to higher education, there is more to be discovered about this population of university employee, noted as more than 2 million U.S. employees in 2011. The research question guiding this study was: Within a university setting, how are employee competencies valued by job title within colleges and divisions? Multiple correspondence analysis evaluated supervisor competency selection for 1,836 non-supervisory and 565 supervisory employees using data from this university’s 2012 performance appraisal. For non-supervisory employees, the first dimension accounted for 65.11% of adjusted inertia, or explained variance. The second dimension accounted for 23.89% of adjusted inertia. For supervisory employees, the first dimension accounted for 86.57% of adjusted inertia. The second dimension accounted for 8.26% of adjusted inertia. The key study finding was that, despite the availability of other higher-education specific competency alternatives and best practices for competency use in the appraisal, this institution’s implementation of competencies was found to be mechanical. This study proposed best practices for this and similarly situated institutions as to how competencies can be used to develop employees and improve their performance.Un estudio de caso analizado cómo supervisores en una Universidad seleccionan las competencias o habilidades basadas en el rasgo, no Facultad empleados. Este estudio de caso proporciona una valiosa contribución al centrarse en los empleados en un tipo de institución, una Universidad de investigación grande, público. Mientras que se ha documentado que no Facultad empleados brindan importantes aportes a la educación superior, hay más por descubrir acerca de esta población de empleados de la Universidad, señaló como empleados de los Estados Unidos más de 2 millones en 2011. ¿Fue la pregunta de investigación que guía este estudio: dentro de un ámbito universitario, cómo son las competencias del empleado valoradas por título del trabajo en universidades y divisiones?  Análisis de correspondencia múltiple había evaluado supervisor competencias selección de 1.836 no supervisión y 565 empleados supervisión utilizando los datos de evaluación del desempeño de la Universidad 2012. Empleados sin supervisión, la primera dimensión representaron el 65.11% de inercia ajustada o explicó la varianza. La segunda dimensión 23.89% de inercia ajustada. Para los empleados de supervisión, la primera dimensión representaron 86.57% de inercia ajustada. La segunda dimensión 8.26% de inercia ajustada. El hallazgo clave del estudio fue a pesar de la disponibilidad de otras alternativas de la competencia específica de la educación superior y las mejores prácticas para el uso de competencias en la evaluación, implementación de esta institución de competencias fue encontrado para ser mecánico. Este estudio propone instituciones situación similar en cuanto a cómo las competencias se pueden utilizar para desarrollar a empleados y mejorar su desempeño y mejores prácticas para esto.Um estudo de caso analisado como supervisores numa Universidade selecionado competências ou habilidades baseadas em traço, para os empregados não-docente. Este estudo de caso fornece uma contribuição valiosa, centrando-se sobre os funcionários em um tipo de instituição – uma grande, pública, Universidade. Embora tem sido documentado que os funcionários não-faculdade fornecem importantes contribuições para o ensino superior, há mais a ser descoberto sobre esta população de funcionários da Universidade, observou-se como funcionários de Estados Unidos mais de 2 milhões em 2011. A pergunta de pesquisa orientar este estudo foi: dentro de um cenário de Universidade, como são competências do empregado valorizadas pelo cargo dentro de faculdades e divisões? Análise de correspondência múltipla avaliada seleção de competências de supervisor para 1.836 não-supervisão e 565 funcionários supervisão usando os dados de avaliação de desempenho de 2012 da Universidade. Para empregados não-supervisão, primeira dimensão representou 65.11% da inércia ajustada ou variância, explicou. A segunda dimensão representou 23.89% da inércia ajustada. Para funcionários de fiscalização, a primeira dimensão representou 86.57% de inércia ajustada. A segunda dimensão representaram 8.26% da inércia ajustada. A conclusão do estudo chave era que apesar da disponibilidade de outras alternativas de competência específica de ensino superior e as melhores práticas para uso de competência na avaliação, implementação desta instituição de competências foi encontrada para ser mecânico. Este estudo propõe-se similarmente situadas instituições quanto como competências podem ser usadas para desenvolver os funcionários e melhorar o seu desempenho e melhores práticas para isso

Pubertal timing and breast density in young women: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND:Earlier age at onset of pubertal events and longer intervals between them (tempo) have been associated with increased breast cancer risk. It is unknown whether the timing and tempo of puberty are associated with adult breast density, which could mediate the increased risk. METHODS:From 1988 to 1997, girls participating in the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) were clinically assessed annually between ages 8 and 17 years for Tanner stages of breast development (thelarche) and pubic hair (pubarche), and onset of menses (menarche) was self-reported. In 2006-2008, 182 participants then aged 25-29 years had their percent dense breast volume (%DBV) measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariable, linear mixed-effects regression models adjusted for reproductive factors, demographics, and body size were used to evaluate associations of age and tempo of puberty events with %DBV. RESULTS:The mean (standard deviation) and range of %DBV were 27.6 (20.5) and 0.2-86.1. Age at thelarche was negatively associated with %DBV (p trend = 0.04), while pubertal tempo between thelarche and menarche was positively associated with %DBV (p trend = 0.007). %DBV was 40% higher in women whose thelarche-to-menarche tempo was 2.9 years or longer (geometric mean (95%CI) = 21.8% (18.2-26.2%)) compared to women whose thelarche-to-menarche tempo was less than 1.6 years (geometric mean (95%CI) = 15.6% (13.9-17.5%)). CONCLUSIONS:Our results suggest that a slower pubertal tempo, i.e., greater number of months between thelarche and menarche, is associated with higher percent breast density in young women. Future research should examine whether breast density mediates the association between slower tempo and increased breast cancer risk

The U.S. Supreme Count's Use of Non-Legal Sources and Amicus Curiae Brieds in Fisher v. University of Texas

In February 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear a case that challenged the constitutionality of a race-conscious admissions policy at the University of Texas at Austin (“the university”). In addition to the evidence put forward by the parties, a broad constituency of individuals and organizations on both sides of the debate mobilized to inform the Court of the arguments under consideration. For example, amici curiae in support of the university presented research to impress upon the Court the need for postsecondary institutions to be permitted to consider race as one among myriad factors in admissions to fulfill their educational missions. Amici in support of Fisher also submitted a wide range of sources to support arguments that the university’s race-conscious policy did not meet the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause. Four years later in 2016, the Court ultimately upheld the constitutionality of the policy in a 4-3 decision. Applying the standard of strict scrutiny, the Court’s decision re-affirmed decades of precedent establishing that postsecondary institutions had a compelling interest in furthering a diverse student body and held that, as implemented by the university, the use of race was narrowly tailored to this goal. Justice Kennedy, who for the first time found a race-conscious policy in education to be narrowly tailored, authored the majority opinion in the case