"The Middle Class Patriarch in the Bourgeois Public"

During the second parts of the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth century the middle class patriarch played an important role in the formation and transformation of the bourgeoisie in Sweden - especially in the upper middle class dominated by industrialists, wholesalers and owners of "bruk". According to the comic press in the early twentieth century appearance was characteristic. Obviously he was a man. In the caricatures he often carried a high cylinder, wore a sturdy moustache a' la Bismarck, was evidently thick and because of that a back leaned posture, and had a authoritative appearance. Often he smoked a fat cigar. Here we will discuss his world view. First of all we discuss him on the basis of the changes in the bourgeois public and its patriarchal relations. Then we consider important parts of the world view and lastly we discuss the middle class patriarch as an industrialist.

"Globalised sports in a historical perspective"

The great interest in Asia for European, male football is an expression of globalised sports. Here globalisation and processes of globalisation stands for the economical, social and cultural processes, which link and affect globally. Global capitalism created a world hegemony. As a consequence the hegemonic power of the western world (including Japan) until now will be the norm of interpretation. A precondition for the development of globalised sports as an industry of entertainment is the developing of a global infrastructure - especially in the shape of cable and satellite television. This infra structure, developed in the 80s and 90s, made it possible to worldwide watching of Olympic games, European Championships and World Championships in male football. The expansion of media played an important role for especially European football being global. The heavy interest was capitalized in the rights of broadcasting, which rapidly became substantial costly as the requests on the market grew. Global attention made well-known athletics as the British footballer David Beckham becoming symbols of public relations twinning sports, entertainment and advertising in their brand names. Also the leading football clubs (or entertainment enterprises) as Manchester United and Barcelona became actors on a global commercial market. The season 1992/93 the Champions League became a formidable success. On the expanding broadcasting market the prime European football soon became a global matter. The combination of TV-rights and the logic of competition and success resulted in strengthening of the already economically strong clubs, which made them even more successful both sporting and economically. The broadcasting rights play an important role in the formation of the leading clubs as profitdriven companies. Financially strong interests of owners now compete of purchasing clubs in the British Premier League. Another consequence of the global infra structure were the effects on the conditions of the labour market of sports. The new economical preconditions created assumptions for them to buy the best players on the market. The direction of the mobility from the economical periphery to the economical centre implies that the players move to Western Europe and the leading leagues there. The processes of globalisation got many cultural consequences. Traditionalistic reactions in the Western World resulted in growing national and specific local identities. Sports are important fields for the interpretation of these identities. The use of national symbols connected to sports has been more common. Firsthand supporting the national team has become more common. The interest from media has increast distinctly. The national celebration of the successes has increased - especially in the form of celebrating the heroes in a carnivalesque way. The local identities are mostly expressed as the cultures of supporters. Hooliganism is an extreme form of this, which heavily has affected European male football. Hooliganism is a social problem, but when comes to the audience's behaviour it is a relative marginal phenomenon. Historically the male football interpreted class and local identities. As a result of this processes the audience was considered as an uncontrolled mass, which express community, carnival and ritual with tifon's, supporting chants and songs. Hooliganism has existed all through the football's history, as one undercurrent. It got increased attention after England's victory in the World Championships of 1966. As a consequence of the mediated interest modern British style of football hooliganism in 1971 came to Sweden. In the 90s the problem grew, when the hooligan firms expanded. But, the historical perspective shows that the western problem with hooliganism is old and cannot be distinguished from the practice of football. The violent European fans treat the British hooligans as role-models, which inspired them and told them how to develop their own culture. The hooligans also are inspired by the increasing media coverage of football related violence.

Oxygen carriers affect kidney immunogenicity during ex-vivo machine perfusion

Normothermic ex-vivo machine perfusion provides a powerful tool to improve donor kidney preservation and a route for the delivery of pharmacological or gene therapeutic interventions prior to transplantation. However, perfusion at normothermic temperatures requires adequate tissue oxygenation to meet the physiological metabolic demand. For this purpose, the addition of appropriate oxygen carriers (OCs) to the perfusion solution is essential to ensure a sufficient oxygen supply and reduce the risk for tissue injury due to hypoxia. It is crucial that the selected OCs preserve the integrity and low immunogenicity of the graft. In this study, the effect of two OCs on the organ's integrity and immunogenicity was evaluated. Porcine kidneys were perfused ex-vivo for four hours using perfusion solutions supplemented with red blood cells (RBCs) as conventional OC, perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based OC, or Hemarina-M101 (M101), a lugworm hemoglobin-based OC named HEMO2life®, recently approved in Europe (i.e., CE obtained in October 2022). Perfusions with all OCs led to decreased lactate levels. Additionally, none of the OCs negatively affected renal morphology as determined by histological analyses. Remarkably, all OCs improved the perfusion solution by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) on both transcript and protein level, suggesting a beneficial effect of the OCs in maintaining the low immunogenicity of the graft. Thus, PFC-based OCs and M101 may constitute a promising alternative to RBCs during normothermic ex-vivo kidney perfusion

Unexpected large evasion fluxes of carbon dioxide from turbulent streams draining the world’s mountains

Inland waters, including streams and rivers, are active components of the global carbon cycle. Despite the large areal extent of the world’s mountains, the role of mountain streams for global carbon fluxes remains elusive. Using recent insights from gas exchange in turbulent streams, we found that areal CO2 evasion fluxes from mountain streams equal or exceed those reported from tropical and boreal streams, typically regarded as hotspots of aquatic carbon fluxes. At the regional scale of the Swiss Alps, we present evidence that emitted CO2 derives from lithogenic and biogenic sources within the catchment and delivered by the groundwater to the streams. At a global scale, we estimate the CO2 evasion from mountain streams to 167 ± 1.5 Tg C yr−1, which is high given their relatively low areal contribution to the global stream and river networks. Our findings shed new light on mountain streams for global carbon fluxes

Global carbon dioxide efflux from rivers enhanced by high nocturnal emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere from running waters are estimated to be four times greater than the total carbon (C) flux to the oceans. However, these fluxes remain poorly constrained because of substantial spatial and temporal variability in dissolved CO2 concentrations. Using a global compilation of high-frequency CO2 measurements, we demonstrate that nocturnal CO2 emissions are on average 27% (0.9 gC m−2 d−1) greater than those estimated from diurnal concentrations alone. Constraints on light availability due to canopy shading or water colour are the principal controls on observed diel (24 hour) variation, suggesting this nocturnal increase arises from daytime fixation of CO2 by photosynthesis. Because current global estimates of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from running waters (0.65–1.8 PgC yr−1) rely primarily on discrete measurements of dissolved CO2 obtained during the day, they substantially underestimate the magnitude of this flux. Accounting for night-time CO2 emissions may elevate global estimates from running waters to the atmosphere by 0.20–0.55 PgC yr−1

EURAFRICAN GEOPOLITICS? A Qualitative Textual Analysis of the French Geopolitical Construction of Africa in the Post-Cold War Period

Françafrique is a neo-colonial practice characterized by frequent armed interventions in Africa that defined France’s Africa-strategy during the Cold War. French leaders have announced a rupture with Françafrique since the early 1990’s. In the meantime, France has increasingly included the EU in its Africa-strategy. The scholarly literature draws diverging conclusions on if France is Europeanizing a neo-colonial strategy or not, and to what extent the Europeanization is linked to the concept of Eurafrica. Eurafrica denotes a (neo-)colonial idea of forming a Euro-African geographical entity and had its heydays in the late 1950’s. There is however no comprehensive definition of the concept and its underlying ideas and assumptions. This thesis has set out to examine how the concept of Eurafrica can be defined, to what extent French Africa-strategy can be labeled Eurafrican, and if this has evolved in the post-Cold War period, as well as if the announced “rupture” with Françafrique is indeed a change or merely a transfer of a neo-colonial practice to a European level. The thesis concludes that Eurafrica is composed of six subcategories, characterized by constructivist, neo-liberal and neo-realist theoretical assumptions. A frame of analysis is created based on the unpacked definition of Eurafrica and used in a textual analysis of three French White Papers on Defense. It is determined that French Africa-strategy bears less Eurafrican traits than some scholars suggest and is considerably less neocolonial in the 21st century than in 1994

Constructions, Identifications and Ambivalence : the Encounter between Perceived and Lived Reality of Immigrated Women

This thesis aims to understand the encounter between the Swedish government’s constructions of immigrated women and the women’s own identifications. By merging post-structural ontology with feminist post-colonial ideas a theoretical framework was created to meet this aim. The government’s constructions were found through discourse analysis of governmental publications and interpellation debates while the immigrated women’s stories were captured through interviews. The findings show that the government homogenizes the immigrated woman and positions her as unemployed, excluded, caring, and dependent etc., while the women recognize themselves as among other things professionals and agents. However, while the government constructs a homogeneous image of the immigrated woman, the women express very diverse identities, and the differences are significant. Thus, there is a clear discrepancy in the perceived and lived reality of immigrated women in Sweden. This could lead to a reproduction of immigrated women as belonging to patriarchal structures, which attributes the women the problem. Accordingly, the women also become the targets for the suggested solutions

Kan historiker nå en bredare publik? : Reflexioner kring historieskrivandets dramaturgi

I diskussionen om den växande klyftan mellan historieforskarna och den historieintresserade allmänheten har många kloka ord nämnts. Det vetenskapliga historieskrivandet har med nyvunna metoder och förfinade teoretiska resonemang blivit mer "vetenskapligt". "Vetenskaplighetens" baksida är att många forskare har övergivit de metoder för ett effektivt berättande, som tidigare fängslat historieintresserade utanför det snäva forskarsarnhäUet. Historikerna vänder sig oftast bara till sina kollegor. Men det är inget självändamål att skriva tråkiga avhandlingar. Det har inget med "vetenskapligheten" att göra. Här ska jag diskutera hur man med några relativt små metoder kan ändra historieskrivandets dramaturgi och - förhoppningsvis - nå en större publik.Tidskriften Kronos: historia i skola och samhälle gavs ut vid Linköpings univeristet mellan åren 1988-1991.</p

Political Order and Disorder in Weak States : Comparing Explanations of State Failure and non-Failure in two West African and two Central Asian States

States that lack complete control of peripheral regions might be qualified as weak, and previous research suggests that they face an increased risk of state failure. Yet, in the periphery of many states, authority is shared by the government and non-state actors. Far from all these “weak” states are “failed” in the sense of failing to provide services and political order to their inhabitants. Before exploring this enigma, an attempt to clear the conceptual haze surrounding the notions of weakness and failure is made. An investigation into when state weakness leads to state failure – and when it does not – is thereafter undertaken, using a process-tracing method. The thesis explores the structure of state-society relations in two pairs of most similar cases: first Mali and Niger, then Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. All cases are studied over a period of 15 to 25 years and with the aim of determining whether any of two theoretical mechanisms developed from former research holds more value in explaining when weak states fail and when they do not. The first mechanism portrays how weak states construct informal networks of power and fail when these break down, the other depicts how a weak state’s survival is dependent on its ability to uphold a negotiated relationship with non-state actors. State failure in Mali is found to be explained by the failure of negotiated relationships between state and non-state actors. State failure in Tajikistan, on the other hand, can be explained by the government’s incapacity to dominate non-state actors through informal networks of power. However, support for the conclusion that weak states generally seek to govern through negotiated agreements with non-state actors, in line with the second theoretical perspective, is found