33 research outputs found
Third party in bad faith’s confiscation (article 127 quater Spanish Criminal Code) as a touchstone: Confiscation’s legal nature and its overlap with the perpetration of different crimes
El decomiso es una consecuencia jurídica
del delito tan importante en la lucha contra la criminalidad
como discutida dogmáticamente. La posibilidad
de que este pueda alcanzar al patrimonio de un
tercero no interviniente en el delito de origen no hace
sino ahondar en ambas cuestiones. El trabajo pretende
estudiar el art. 127 quater CP, con especial detenimiento
en tres temas específicos: por un lado, en la
propia definición de la mala fe que el precepto aporta;
por el otro, en lo que este y otros artículos que regulan
el decomiso dicen de la naturaleza de la institución en
su conjunto; y, por último, en la articulación sistemática
de esta previsión legislativa con los delitos de
blanqueo de capitales y encubrimientoConfiscation is a legal consequence of
crime and is as important in the fight against delinquency
as theoretically discussed. The possibility that
it could reach the estate of a third party in relation
with the original crime delves into both questions.
This work seeks to study the article 127 quater Spanish
Penal Code, with special attention to three specific
topics: on the one hand, the definition of bad faith that
this article provides; on the other hand, what this article
and others related to confiscation show about the
nature of this institution as a whole; and, finally, the
systematic linkage between this legal provision and
money laundering and concealment crimesEsta publicación se ha elaborado en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Repensando el modelo de
sanciones penales: de la entropía a la ordenación sistemática de las respuestas frente al delito
(REPENSANCIONES)” (referencia SI3/PJI/2021-00222, IIPP: Daniel Rodríguez Horcajo y Gonzalo J.
Basso), financiado por la Consejería de Ciencia, Universidades e Innovación de la Comunidad de Madrid (VPRICIT)
y la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid a través de la Convocatoria 2021 de ayudas a Proyectos de
I+D para jóvenes investigadores de la Universidad Autónoma de Madri
Pena (Teoría de la) = Punishment (Theory of)
Resumen: La teoría de la pena está constituida por dos elementos que han sido tratados por la doctrina de una manera desigual. En primer lugar, dicha teoría trata de definir qué debe ser entendido como ‘pena’, para poder diferenciarla de otras sanciones (formales o informales). En segundo lugar, se ocupa de justificar en términos abstractos una intervención estatal de tanta magnitud sobre la esfera individual, optando por teorías absolutas, por teorías preventivas o por algún tipo de posición intermedia entre unas y otras.Palabras clave: Pena, retribución, prevención general, prevención especial.Abstract: The theory of punishment is constituted by two elements that have been studied by the doctrine in an unequal way. In the first place, this theory tries to define what should be understood as 'punishment', in order to differentiate it from other sanctions (formal or informal ones). Secondly, it deals with justifying, in abstract terms, a state intervention of such magnitude on the individual sphere, opting for absolute theories, for preventive theories or for some kind of intermediate position between one and the other.Keywords: Punishment, retribution/desert, general prevention, special prevention
Application of low cost technology for the management of irrigation in organic orchards
Throughout history, humans have cyclically return to their old traditions such as the organic orchards. Nowadays, these have been integrated into the modern cities and could supply fresh vegetables to the daily food improving human health. Organic orchards grow crops without pesticides and artificial fertilizers thus, they are respectful with the environment and guarantee the food's safety . In modern society, the application of new technology is a must, in this case to obtain an efficient irrigation. In order to monitor a proper irrigation and save water and energy, soil water content probes are used to measure soil water content. Among them, capacitive probes ,monitored with a specific data logger, are typically used. Most of them, specially the data loggers, are expensive and in many cases are not used. In this work, we have applied the open hardware Arduino to build and program a low cost datalogger for the programming of irrigation in an experimental organic orchard. Results showed that the application of such as low cost technology, which is easily available in the market and easy to understand, everyone can built and program its own device helping in managing water resources in organic orchards
Potencial del cable de fibra óptica y de la técnica DTS en el riego de jardines
El cable de fibra óptica y la técnica Distributed Temperature Sensing puede ser una
opción en la programación del riego de jardines para mejorar, no sólo la eficiencia en el uso
del agua, sino también, por ende, el de fertilizantes y ahorrar energía. Esta metodología
permite estimar en continuo la temperatura hasta 12,5 cm y temporal de 1 s.
Posteriormente, se relaciona la temperatura con el contenido de agua en el suelo
obteniéndose errores de hasta ± 2 %. En este trabajo se aplicó esta técnica al riego por
aspersión de un área ajardinada de la ETSI de Agrónomos de Madrid. Los resultados son
prometedores dado que permiten conocer la variabilidad espacial de la distribución del agua
en el suelo y relacionarla con la distribución del agua por la unidad de riego para elaborar
criterios de riego que mejoren la eficiencia de todos los recursos.The fiber optic cable and the technique Distribute Temperature Sensing show
potential to be used for the irrigation programming in green areas, not only to improve the
water use efficiency but, the use of fertilizers and saving energy as well. This methodology
can measure temperature along the cable, every 12.5 cm, and every second. Then,
temperature is correlated with soil water content with up to ± 2 % accuracy. This study was
performed in a green area located at the ETSI de Agrónomos de Madrid that was irrigated by
sprinkler irrigation. The results are promising since the water spatial variability within the soil
is known and it can be correlated with the water distribution in the irrigation unit to elaborate
better irrigation strategies in the garden
Early Neospora caninum infection dynamics in cattle after inoculation at mid-gestation with high (Nc-Spain7)- or low (Nc-Spain1H)-virulence isolates
© The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.[EN] Early Neospora caninum infection dynamics were investigated in pregnant heifers intravenously inoculated with PBS (G-Control) or 107 tachyzoites of high (G-NcSpain7)- or low (G-NcSpain1H)-virulence isolates at 110 days of gestation. Serial culling at 10 and 20 days post-infection (dpi) was performed. Fever was detected at 1 dpi in both infected groups (P < 0.0001), and a second peak was detected at 3 dpi only in G-NcSpain7 (P < 0.0001). At 10 dpi, Nc-Spain7 was detected in placental samples from one animal related to focal necrosis, and Nc-Spain7 transmission was observed, although no foetal lesions were associated with this finding. The presence of Nc-Spain1H in the placenta or foetuses, as well as lesions, were not detected at 10 dpi. At 20 dpi, G-NcSpain7 animals showed almost 100% positive placental tissues and severe focal necrosis as well as 100% transmission. Remarkably, foetal mortality was detected in two G-NcSpain7 heifers. Only one animal from G-NcSpain1H presented positive placental samples. No foetal mortality was detected, and lesions and parasite transmission to the foetus were not observed in this group. Finally, 100% of G-NcSpain7 heifers at 20 dpi presented specific antibodies, while only 60% of G-NcSpain1H animals presented specific antibodies at 20 dpi. In addition, earlier seroconversion in G-Nc-Spain7 was observed. In conclusion, tachyzoites from Nc-Spain7 reached the placenta earlier and multiplied, leading to lesion development, transmission to the foetus and foetal mortality, whereas Nc-Spain1H showed delayed infection of the placenta and no lesional development or transmission during early infection.SIThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competi‑ tiveness (AGL2013-44694-R) and the Community of Madrid (PLATESA2-CM P2018/BAA-4370). Laura Jiménez-Pelayo was fnancially supported by a fellowship from the Complutense University of Madrid and Marta GarcíaSánchez was fnancially supported through a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-070723). Patricia Vázquez had a Juan de la Cierva-Formación post-doctoral contract (FJCI-2014-20982) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO). Alicia Román-Trufero was supported by a FPI-INIA fellowship from the Spanish National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (INIA). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Authors gratefully acknowledge to: (1) SERIDA (Regional Service of Agri-food Research and Development of Asturias) Institution and Personal for their facilities and personal support. Special thanks to David Iglesias for their clinical assistance; (2) Mountain Livestock Institute (IGM), University of León CSIC-ULE for their histopathological specialist support, especially to Miguel Fernández for his help during the sampling; (3) Saluvet Group members, especially to Ale‑ jandro Jiménez-Meléndez and Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez; (4) Saluvet-innova members, especially to Paula García-Luna
Crosstalk between Neospora caninum and the bovine host at the maternal-foetal interface determines the outcome of infection
© The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.[EN]Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan cyst-forming parasite that is considered one of the main causes of abortion.
The pathogenic mechanisms associated with parasite virulence at the maternal-foetal interface that are responsible
for the outcome of infection are largely unknown. Here, utilizing placentomes from cattle experimentally infected
with high-virulence (Nc-Spain7) and low-virulence (Nc-Spain1H) isolates, we studied key elements of the innate and
adaptive immune responses, as well as components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), at 10 and 20 days post-infection
(dpi). The low-virulence isolate elicited a robust immune response characterized by upregulation of genes involved
in pathogen recognition, chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines, crucial for its adequate control. In addition,
Nc-Spain1H triggered the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and other mechanisms implicated in the maintenance
of ECM integrity to ensure foetal survival. In contrast, local immune responses were initially (10 dpi) impaired
by Nc-Spain7, allowing parasite multiplication. Subsequently (20 dpi), a predominantly pro-inflammatory Th1-based
response and an increase in leucocyte infiltration were observed. Moreover, Nc-Spain7-infected placentomes from
animals carrying non-viable foetuses exhibited higher expression of the IL-8, TNF-α, iNOS and SERP-1 genes and lower
expression of the metalloproteases and their inhibitors than Nc-Spain7-infected placentomes from animals carrying
viable foetuses. In addition, profound placental damage characterized by an alteration in the ECM organization in
necrotic foci, which could contribute to foetal death, was found. Two different host-parasite interaction patterns were
observed at the bovine placenta as representative examples of different evolutionary strategies used by this parasite
for transmission to offspring.SIThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (AGL2013-44694-R and AGL2016-75935-C2-1-R) and the Community of Madrid (PLATESA2-CM P2018/BAA-4370). Laura Jiménez-Pelayo was financially supported by a fellowship from the University Complutense of Madrid (including two research stays in 2017 and 2018) and Marta García-Sánchez was financially supported through a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-070723). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of C(13)-desmethylene-(−)-zampanolide analogs
14 p.-4 fig.-2 tab.We describe the synthesis and biochemical and cellular profiling of five partially reduced or demethylated analogs of the marine macrolide (−)-zampanolide (ZMP). These analogs were derived from 13-desmethylene-(−)-zampanolide (DM-ZMP), which is an equally potent cancer cell growth inhibitor as ZMP. Key steps in the synthesis of all compounds were the formation of the dioxabicyclo[15.3.1]heneicosane core by an intramolecular HWE reaction (67–95 % yield) and a stereoselective aza-aldol reaction with an (S)-BINOL-derived sorbamide transfer complex, to establish the C(20) stereocenter (24–71 % yield). As the sole exception, for the 5-desmethyl macrocycle, ring-closure relied on macrolactonization; however, elaboration of the macrocyclization product into the corresponding zampanolide analog was unsuccessful. All modifications led to reduced cellular activity and lowered microtubule-binding affinity compared to DM-ZMP, albeit to a different extent. For compounds incorporating the reactive enone moiety of ZMP, IC50 values for cancer cell growth inhibition varied between 5 and 133 nM, compared to 1–12 nM for DM-ZMP. Reduction of the enone double bond led to a several hundred-fold loss in growth inhibition. The cellular potency of 2,3-dihydro-13-desmethylene zampanolide, as the most potent analog identified, remained within a ninefold range of that of DM-ZMP.This workwas supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (KHA,project200021_149253). Institutional support by the ETH Zurich is also gratefully acknowledged(KHA).Funding was also received from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación(Spain) (JFD,Project PID2019-104545RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033),the European Commission-NextGenerations EU(RegulationEU 2020/2094),through CSIC’s Global Health Platform(PTI Salud Global) and Proyecto de Investigación en Neurociencia Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno 2020 (JFD).Peer reviewe
Interactions between marine megafauna and plastic pollution in Southeast Asia
Southeast (SE) Asia is a highly biodiverse region, yet it is also estimated to cumulatively contribute a third of the total global marine plastic pollution. This threat is known to have adverse impacts on marine megafauna, however, understanding of its impacts has recently been highlighted as a priority for research in the region. To address this knowledge gap, a structured literature review was conducted for species of cartilaginous fishes, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and seabirds present in SE Asia, collating cases on a global scale to allow for comparison, coupled with a regional expert elicitation to gather additional published and grey literature cases which would have been omitted during the structured literature review. Of the 380 marine megafauna species present in SE Asia, but also studied elsewhere, we found that 9.1 % and 4.5 % of all publications documenting plastic entanglement (n = 55) and ingestion (n = 291) were conducted in SE Asian countries. At the species level, published cases of entanglement from SE Asian countries were available for 10 % or less of species within each taxonomic group. Additionally, published ingestion cases were available primarily for marine mammals and were lacking entirely for seabirds in the region. The regional expert elicitation led to entanglement and ingestion cases from SE Asian countries being documented in 10 and 15 additional species respectively, highlighting the utility of a broader approach to data synthesis. While the scale of the plastic pollution in SE Asia is of particular concern for marine ecosystems, knowledge of its interactions and impacts on marine megafauna lags behind other areas of the world, even after the inclusion of a regional expert elicitation. Additional funding to help collate baseline data are critically needed to inform policy and solutions towards limiting the interactions of marine megafauna and plastic pollution in SE Asia