Understanding the expression and implications of deceptive affectionate messages

Affectionate messages are important in romantic relationships as they are linked to multiple emotional, physical, and relational benefits (e.g., Floyd, 2006a). When examining affection, it is important to distinguish that feelings of affection and the communication of affection are two unique processes that theorists argue covary. Yet, deception researchers have found that individuals routinely lie to their non-married romantic partners about their feelings (DePaulo & Kasy, 1998; DePaulo, Kashy, Kirkendol, Wyer, & Epstein, 1996). This dissertation, composed of two studies, examined how individuals in non-married romantic relationships communicated deceptive affection and the implications of such messages. Study one used a week long diary method in which participants recorded instances of deceptive affection and rumination. Results indicated that individuals communicated approximately three deceptive affectionate messages (DAMs) to their partners in a week, and the type of DAM was related to rumination. These messages were most often used to conceal negative feelings and expressed for prosocial reasons. Study two was an experiment that examined the emotional (guilt and shame) and physiological (heart rate and blood pressure) implications of expressing DAMs to romantic partners. A writing method was used where participants wrote for 20 minutes about either a DAM, honest affection, or plans with friends (control). Results indicated that the writing method did not result in any physiological changes. Deceptive motives did not influence deceivers\u27 feelings of guilt and shame. Together, deceptive affection appears to be a message that partners routinely communicate to one another resulting in minimal emotional and physiological implications

Leakage Evaluation of Three Endodontic Sealers Used in a Single-cone Technique: A Study Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Introduction.;After proper chemomechanical disinfection and obturation of a root canal system, the next important goal in endodontic therapy is obtaining an adequate coronal seal. If the coronal seal becomes compromised, it is difficult to decide whether the root canal system should be re-treated. This decision should be made based on the ability of the root canal filling to resist bacterial contamination and on the length of time the seal has been compromised.;The root canal system should be filled in three dimensions, typically with a combination of gutta percha and sealer. One obturation method that has seen a revival in recent years is the single-cone technique. Newly developed sealers claim to create an effective seal through adhesive bonding to the gutta percha and/or dentin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of three currently available endodontic sealers used in a single-cone technique with a bacterial leakage model. A pilot study was also conducted in an attempt to better quantify and localize the bacteria in the obturated experimental teeth.;Materials and Methods.;Fifty extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were decoronated and root length was standardized. Each tooth was instrumented and irrigated. The teeth were randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 12) and two control groups (5 positive and 5 negative). The final four teeth were used in the pilot study. Obturation of the three experimental groups, EndoSequence BC Sealer, ThermaSeal Plus Ribbon Sealer, or GuttaFlow 2, was performed with a single-cone technique using a ProTaper master cone. A bacterial leakage experimental apparatus was constructed to evaluate the seal created by each of the experimental groups.;For the pilot study, four teeth were obturated with varying levels of gutta percha and evaluated in the same experimental apparatus. A solution of a bioluminescent bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus Xen36, was used to inoculate each tooth. Scans of the teeth were taken with an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) at Days 0, 3, 7, and 10 to show whether bacteria could be detected at varying levels in the teeth.;The remaining forty-six apparatuses were evaluated with a more traditional bacterial leakage method, where Difco Purple Broth Base was placed in the lower chamber of the apparatus so that 2 mm of the root end was submerged. A solution of S. aureus Xen36 was used to inoculate the top chamber of the apparatus, and the apparatuses were incubated for up to 50 days. The apparatuses were checked daily to monitor for bacterial contamination.;Results and Conclusion.;The pilot study was unable to provide accurate information on the localization and quantification of bacteria in the four sample teeth. For the traditional bacterial leakage study, each of the experimental groups had a noticeable amount of early leakage, and after one week, all three groups had a survival rate of 58.3%. After 50 days, the ThermaSeal Plus Ribbon Sealer group had a survival rate of 8.3%, while the EndoSequence BC Sealer and GuttaFlow 2 groups had a survival rate of 25.0%. The log-rank test showed no statistically significant differences between the three groups with respect to leakage over time (p = 0.665). The results of the present study showed that in the absence of a coronal seal, the single-cone method of root canal obturation does not provide long-term sealing ability in many teeth. Further studies should be piloted to see if the IVIS could be beneficial for analyzing obturated teeth

Deceptive Affectionate Messages: Mate Retention Deployed Under the Threat of Partner Infidelity

Deceptive affectionate messages (DAMs) have been proposed to act as relational maintenance techniques and, as such, might be part of a greater repertoire of mate retention behaviors. We analyzed data from 1,993 Mechanical Turk participants to examine the relations between DAMs and mate retention, and whether these relations were mediated by the perceived risk of partner infidelity. In line with predictions, frequency of DAMs positively predicted general mate retention and cost-inflicting mate retention through the perceived risk of partner infidelity. In line with our nondirectional prediction, we also found that frequency of DAMs negatively predicted benefit-provisioning mate retention behaviors. In an exploratory mediation analysis of DAMs on benefit-provisioning mate retention via perceived partner infidelity, we surprisingly found that DAMs negatively predicted benefit-provisioning behavior due to the perceived risk of partner infidelity, suggesting that DAMs—but not benefit-provisioning mate retention—are deployed under the threat of partner infidelity. Overall, these findings suggest that DAMs might belong to a greater repertoire of mate retention (especially cost-inflicting) behaviors to thwart the possibility of partner infidelity

Positively responsive collection choice rules and majority rule: a generalization of May's theorem to many alternatives

A collective choice rule selects a set of alternatives for each collective choice problem. Suppose that the alternative ’x’, is in the set selected by a collective choice rule for some collective choice problem. Now suppose that ‘x’ rises above another selected alternative ‘y’ in some individual’s preferences. If the collective choice rule is “positively responsive”, ‘x’ remains selected but ‘y’ is no longer selected. If the set of alternatives contains two members, an anonymous and neutral collective choice rule is positively responsive if and only if it is majority rule (May 1952). If the set of alternatives contains three or more members, a large set of collective choice rules satisfy these three conditions. We show, however, that in this case only the rule that assigns to every problem its strict Condorcet winner satisfies the three conditions plus Nash’s version of “independence of irrelevant alternatives” for the domain of problems that have strict Condorcet winners. Further, no rule satisfies the four conditions for the domain of all preference relations

Fair and Square?: An examination of the relationships among classroom justice and relational teaching messages

Students and instructors acknowledge the importance of the instructor–student relationship in the classroom. Despite the importance of the instructor–student interpersonal relationship, there can also be unexpected or undesirable outcomes associated with relational teaching. Using the theoretical framework of leader–member exchange, we explored relational teaching messages to understand how they may relate positively or negatively to student perceptions of classroom justice. Participants (N = 124) completed measures about relational communication strategies (i.e., rapport, confirmation, and affinity-seeking) and classroom justice (i.e., procedural, interactional, and distributive). Results indicate the enjoyable interaction dimension of rapport positively predicted perceptions of all three types of justice. The response to questions dimension of confirmation positively predicted perceptions of procedural and interactional justice

Affectionate communication, health, and relationships

A robust body of research attests to the mental and physical health correlates and consequences of affectionate communication. Like much research on personal relationships, however, this work may overrepresent certain portions of the population, may underrepresent others, and may not effectively account for intersections of identities. We define intersectionality as comprising the unique effects of two or more social identities interacting with each other. To assess this literature with an eye toward intersectionality and representation, the present article reports a systematic review of 86 individual empirical studies representing 26,013 participants. The review concludes that there is no explicit or implicit attention to intersectionality in the existing research on affectionate communication and health, and that U.S. Americans, women, younger individuals, white individuals, and students are overrepresented in research samples. The review ends with future directions to encourage more inclusive research on this topic

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy

SNAPSHOT USA 2019 : a coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August - 24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian's eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the USA. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban-wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa, as well as future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species-specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe