Lyijynraskasta : Suomi, Yhdysvallat ja strategisten luonnonvarojen kauttakulku Neuvostoliitton ja Puolaan vuosina 1950-1955

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Pro gradu –tutkielmani käsittelee Yhdysvaltojen vientikieltopolitiikan vaikutusta Suomen ulkopoliittiseen toimintaympäristöön strategisten luonnonvarojen kauttakulun valossa vuosina 1950-1955. Suomen ja Yhdysvaltojen suhteita on yleensä tarkasteltu taloudellisten kysymysten valossa tai kylmän sodan suurvaltaproblematiikasta käsin. Tutkimukseni peruslähtökohta on vieraan vallan poliittisen lainsäädännön vaikutus Suomen taloudellisiin kysymyksiin. Nämä lait eivät sinänsä olleet Suomea sitovia, mutta poliittisista syistä katsottiin viisaammaksi mukautua niihin. Mikäli ne eivät vaikuttaneet haitallisesti Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton välisiin suhteisiin. Käytännössä tämä asia kulminoitui muutamiin lyijyn, koboltin ja kuparin kolmansista maista Suomen kautta Neuvostoliittoon ja Puolaan tapahtuneisiin vientiyrityksiin. Näitä tapauksia tarkastelen tutkimuksessani. Johtopäätökseni on, että Suomi hyötyi lännen harjoittamasta Neuvostoliiton kauppasaarrosta. Suomi pystyi lisäämään vientiään Neuvostoliittoon ja suojelemaan kotimaan talouselämää läntisten yritysten kilpailulta. Tutkielmani alkuperäislähteinä olen käyttänyt ulkoasiainministeriön arkiston kaupallista saartoa ja vientikieltopolitiikkaa koskevaa aineistoa ja Urho Kekkosen arkiston Yhdysvaltoja käsittelevää materiaalia. Yhdysvaltojen osalta tärkeimpänä aineistona on ollut keskustiedustelupalvelu CIA:n sähköinen arkisto. Muina lähteinä olen käyttänyt sekä kotimaista että ulkomaista tutkimuskirjallisuutta

Sotilastiedustelulainsäädäntö. Lausuntotiivistelmä

Sotilastiedustelulainsäädäntöä koskevasta mietinnöstä saatiin lausunnot yhteensä 72 taholta. Lausunnonantajien joukko koostui muun muassa laillisuusvalvojista, ministeriöistä, sisäministeriön hallinnonalan virastoista ja laitoksista, tuomioistuimista, puolueista, järjestöistä sekä elinkeinoelämän edustajista. Kaikki lausunnonantajat pitävät sotilastiedustelulainsäädäntöä tarpeellisena ja tarkoituksenmukaisena. Joihinkin mietinnön yksityiskohtiin kuitenkin suhtauduttiin kriittisesti. Lausunnonantajat ovat pääosin tyytyväisiä mietinnön keskeisiin ehdotuksiin. Ehdotettujen toimivaltuuksien porrasteisuus sai kannatusta. Lausunnoissa kiinnitettiin runsaasti huomiota siihen, että osa tiedustelutoimivaltuuksista ulottuisi kotimaahan. Lausunnoissa huomautettiin tietoliikennetiedustelun kohdentamiseen liittyvän ongelmia. Kohdentamisen osalta korostettiin, ettei tietoliikennetiedustelun toimivaltuuksien tule mahdollistaa massavalvontaa. Ehdotuksella arvioitiin olevan merkittäviä vaikutuksia perusoikeuksien toteutumiseen, mikä toivottiin tuotavan paremmin esille ehdotuksessa. Arviointia ehdotuksen suhteesta perustuslakiin toivottiin täydennettävän. Perustuslain tarkistamiseen liittyen sotilaallisen toiminnan ja kansallisen turvallisuuden käsitteiden sisältöön toivottiin täsmennystä. Lausunnoissa oltiin yksimielisiä tuomioistuimen lupamenettelyn tarpeellisuudesta. Lupamenettelyn osalta ristiriitaisesti suhtauduttiin siihen, onko ehdotettu tuomioistuimen luvan kestoaika sopiva vai tulisiko sen olla lyhyempi. Tärkeänä pidettiin, että tuomioistuimen harkinnan tosiasiallisuus varmistetaan. Lisäksi useissa lausunnoissa ehdotuksen taloudellisten vaikutusten arviointia pidettiin puutteellisena. Syyttäjälaitokselle ja rangaistusten täytäntöönpanosta koituvat kulut tulisi lausunnonantajien mukaan lisätä ehdotukseen. Poliisille ja tuomioistuimelle ehdotuksesta koituviin kuluihin toivottiin tarkennust

Development and maturation of norovirus antibodies in childhood

The burden of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis is substantial in young children. Maternal antibodies are thought to protect a child from NoV infection in early infancy but subsequent development of NoV-specific protective immunity in children is still largely unexplored. We have determined NoV-specific antibody seroconversion to GII.4 virus-like particles as an indicator of NoV infection in two children prospectively followed from birth to eight years of age. Blocking activity and affinity maturation of maternal and serum IgG antibodies were evaluated. Our results show that multiple infections occur in children up to eight years of age. The titer, blocking activity and avidity of maternal antibodies determined susceptibility of an infant to NoV infection. NoV GII.4-specific antibodies with high blocking potential and avidity were developed at two to three years of age and were retained throughout the follow-up. Subsequent NoV infections may have contributed to the duration of protective NoV-specific immune responses that lasted for several years. This study adds to current understanding of the duration of passive protection by maternal antibodies and the duration and quality of acquired immunity following primary and subsequent NoV infections in infants and young children, who are the main target group for NoV vaccine development. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS on behalf of Institut Pasteur.Peer reviewe

Subjective well-being predicts health behavior in a population-based 9-years follow-up of working-aged Finns

Publisher Copyright: © 2021The cross-sectional association between measures of subjective well-being (SWB) and various health behaviors is well-established. In this 9-year (2003–2012) follow-up study, we explored how a composite indicator of SWB (range 4–20) with four items (interest, happiness, and ease in life, as well as perceived loneliness) predicts a composite health behavior measure (range 0–4) including dietary habits, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. Study subjects (n = 10,855) originated from a population-based random sample of working-age Finns in the Health and Social Support study (HeSSup). According to linear regression analysis, better SWB predicted better health behavior sum score with a β = 0.019 (p < 0.001) with a maximum effect of 0.3 points after adjusting for age (p = 0.038), gender (p < 0.001), education (p = 0.55), baseline self-reported diseases (p = 0.020), baseline health behavior (β = 0.49, p < 0.001), and the interaction between SWB and education (p < 0.001). The results suggest that SWB has long-term positive effect on health behavior. Thus, interventions aiming at health behavioral changes could benefit from taking into account SWB and its improvement in the intervention.Peer reviewe

Changed health behavior improves subjective well-being and vice versa in a follow-up of 9 years

Background Previous research on health behavior and subjective well-being has mainly focused on interindividual differences or explored certain domains of health behavior. Good health behavior and subjective well-being at baseline can predict each other after a follow-up. In the present cohort study, we explored the outcomes of change for an individual i.e., how changed health behavior is reflected in subsequent subjective well-being and vice versa. Methods Data (n = 10,855) originates from a population-based Health and Social Support (HeSSup) study on working-age Finns in 2003 and 2012. A composite measure of health behavior included physical activity, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and smoking status (range 0-4, worst-best) and a composite measure of subjective well-being (with reversed scoring) included three life assessments, i.e., interest, happiness, and ease in life, and perceived loneliness (range 4-20, best-worst). Different multiple linear regression models were used to study how changes in health behavior predict subjective well-being and the opposite, how changes in subjective well-being predict health behavior. Results A positive change in health behavior from 2003 to 2012 predicted better subjective well-being (i.e., on average 0.31 points lower subjective well-being sum score), whereas a negative change predicted poorer subjective well-being (i.e., 0.37 points higher subjective well-being sum score) (both: p < 0.001) compared to those study subjects who had no change in health behavior. Similarly, when a positive and negative change in subjective well-being was studied, these figures were 0.071 points better and 0.072 points worse (both: p < 0.001) health behavior sum score, respectively. When the magnitude of the effect of change was compared to the range of scale of the outcome the effect of health behavior change appeared stronger than that of subjective well-being. Conclusion Changes in health behavior and subjective well-being have long-term effects on the level of the other, the effect of the first being slightly stronger than vice versa. These mutual long-term benefits can be used as a motivator in health promotion on individual and societal levels.Peer reviewe

Health behavior of working-aged Finns predicts self-reported life satisfaction in a population-based 9-years follow-up

Background Previous studies have shown positive association between health behavior and life satisfaction, but the studies have mostly been cross-sectional, had follow-up times up to 5 years or focused on only one health behavior domain. The aim of the study was to explore how principal health behavior domains predict life satisfaction as a composite score in a previously unexplored longitudinal setting. Methods The present study tested whether a health behavior sum score (range 0-4) comprising of dietary habits, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity predicted subsequent composite score of life satisfaction (range 4-20). Data included responses from 11,000 working-age Finns who participated in the Health and Social Support (HeSSup) prospective population-based postal survey. Results Protective health behavior in 2003 predicted (p < .001) better life satisfaction 9 years later when sex, age, education, major diseases, and baseline life satisfaction were controlled for. The beta in the linear regression model was - 0.24 (p < .001) corresponding to a difference of 0.96 points in life satisfaction between individuals having the best and worst health behavior. Conclusion Good health behavior has a long-term beneficial impact on subsequent life satisfaction. This knowledge could strengthen the motivation for improvement of health behavior particularly on an individual level but also on a policy level.Peer reviewe

Longitudinal stability and interrelations between health behavior and subjective well-being in a follow-up of nine years

Background The bidirectional relationship between health behavior and subjective well-being has previously been studied sparsely, and mainly for individual health behaviors and regression models. In the present study, we deepen this knowledge focusing on the four principal health behaviors and using structural equation modeling with selected covariates. Methods The follow-up data (n = 11,804) was derived from a population-based random sample of working-age Finns from two waves (2003 and 2012) of the Health and Social Support (HeSSup) postal survey. Structural equation modeling was used to study the cross-sectional, cross-lagged, and longitudinal relationships between the four principal health behaviors and subjective well-being at baseline and after the nine-year follow-up adjusted for age, gender, education, and self-reported diseases. The included health behaviors were physical activity, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. Subjective well-being was measured through four items comprising happiness, interest, and ease in life, and perceived loneliness. Results Bidirectionally, only health behavior in 2003 predicted subjective well-being in 2012, whereas subjective well-being in 2003 did not predict health behavior in 2012. In addition, the cross-sectional interactions in 2003 and in 2012 between health behavior and subjective well-being were statistically significant. The baseline levels predicted their respective followup levels, the effect being stronger in health behavior than in subjective well-being. Conclusion The four principal health behaviors together predict subsequent subjective well-being after an extensive follow-up. Although not particularly strong, the results could still be used for motivation for health behavior change, because of the beneficial effects of health behavior on subjective well-being.Peer reviewe

Minor effects of no-till treatment on GHG emissions of boreal cultivated peat soil

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of spring cereal monoculture under long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) treatment established in 2018 were measured in a peatland in Southwestern Finland during the period 2018–2021. Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured with chambers approximately every two weeks throughout the period under study. Net ecosystem exchange was measured during the growing seasons, and hourly ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross photosynthesis (GP) were modelled with empirical models. Across the whole period, annual emissions were 6.8 ± 1.2 and 5.7 ± 1.2 Mg CO2–C ha −1 yr−1 (net ecosystem carbon balance), 8.8 ± 2.0 and 7.1 ± 2.0 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1, and − 0.43 ± 0.31 and − 0.40 ± 0.31 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1 for CT and NT, respectively. The global warming potential was lower in NT (p = 0.045), and it ranged from 26 to 34 Mg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in CT and from 19 to 31 Mg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in NT. The management effect on the rates of single GHGs was not consistent over the years. Higher GP was found in CT in 2019 and in NT in 2020. Differences in ER between treatments occurred mostly outside the growing season, especially after ploughing, but the annual rates did not differ statistically. NT reduced the N2O emissions by 31% compared to CT in 2020 (p = 0.044) while there were no differences between the treatments in other years. The results indicate that NT may have potential to reduce slightly CO2 and N2O emissions from cultivated peat soil, but the results originate from the first three years after a management change from CT to NT, and there is still a lack of long-term results on NT on cultivated peat soils

Risk of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 infection

The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) for non-hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease-2019 infection has not been very widely studied. 13 019 persons with a positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test were identified. In total, 447 (0.2%) VTEs were identified in the study population, 293 (66%) of these were pulmonary embolisms. A positive SARS-CoV-2 test did not increase the risk for VTE in the univariate analysis (odds ratio (OR): 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-1.4) or multivariable analysis (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 0.93-1.97).publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Seroconversion to Islet Autoantibodies After Enterovirus Infection in Early Pregnancy.

Gestational enterovirus (EV) infections have been associated with an increased risk for type 1 diabetes in the offspring. We therefore analyzed non-diabetic mothers for EV exposure in early pregnancy in relation to type 1 diabetes HLA-DQ risk genotypes and seroconversion to islet autoantibodies during pregnancy. Non-diabetic mothers who had islet autoantibodies (n=365) against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A), or insulin autoantibodies (IAA), in early pregnancy and at delivery were compared to islet autoantibody-negative mothers (n=1457) matched for age and sampling date. Mothers were genotyped for HLA-DQ and analyzed for both EV-RNA and EV-IgM. EV-IgM, but not EV-RNA, was detected during early pregnancy in 12% of islet autoantibody-positive mothers compared to 11% of the controls. In early pregnancy, mothers with HLA-DQ 2/2 or 2/X genotypes showed an increased risk for islet autoantibodies at delivery (OR 1.85; p=0.001). After adjusting for parity, maternal age, year of birth, and season of early pregnancy, early pregnancy EV-IgM combined with DQ2/2 or 2/X increased the risk for islet autoantibodies (OR 3.10; 95% CI 1; p=0.008). EV-IgM in early pregnancy increased the risk for islet autoantibodies at delivery in non-diabetic mothers with HLA-DQ 2/2 or 2/X type 1 diabetes risk genotypes