Method of construction of a multi-cell solar array

The method of constructing a high voltage, low power, multicell solar array is described. A solar cell base region is formed in a substrate such as but not limited to silicon or sapphire. A protective coating is applied on the base and a patterned etching of the coating and base forms discrete base regions. A semiconductive junction and upper active region are formed in each base region, and defined by photolithography. Thus, discrete cells which are interconnected by metallic electrodes are formed

Production Test for More Dairy Profits

Guide to production test for more dairy profits addresses how production records can be used, types of production records, methods of calculating the records, and how to enroll in a production testing program. Included are tables of information available with each type of record under each method of calculation and DHIA lactation listing

Multilevel metallization method for fabricating a metal oxide semiconductor device

An improved method is described of constructing a metal oxide semiconductor device having multiple layers of metal deposited by dc magnetron sputtering at low dc voltages and low substrate temperatures. The method provides multilevel interconnections and cross over between individual circuit elements in integrated circuits without significantly reducing the reliability or seriously affecting the yield

The Electrochemical Detection Of Explosive Compounds Using Polymer And Chemically Modified Electrodes

The detection and quantification of explosive compounds is extremely important in global security, antiterrorist, and forensic activity. While there are sensitive and reliable methods for detection, the development of electrochemical techniques is used here because they are simple, affordable, and can be made for field use. In this investigation, chlorogenic acid (CGA) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used to detect hydrazine in concentrations as low as 0.05mM; aspartic acid modified GCE was used to detect both nitrobenzene and 4-nitrotoluene in concentrations as low as 3.3μM and 1.3μM, respectively; and finally phenol red coated GCE was used to detect nitrobenzene in concentrations as low as 3.3μM. The CGA modified GCE showed high redox activity at a pH of 7.5 and could detect hydrazine at scan rates as high as 100mV/s. The aspartic acid coated electrode showed high redox activity between a pH of 5.01 and 6.84 and could detect the nitrobenzene and 4-nitrotoluene at scan rates as high as 100mV/s. The phenol red coated electrode was effective between pH of 5-6 and could detect the nitrobenzene at scan rates as high as 130mV/s. Effects of surfactants such as SDS, DTAB, and DTAC were studied on analytes and their electrochemical activities observed. Overall, the surfactants showed a decrease effect in the current density. The durability of these films on electrodes was also studied. Both the CGA and aspartic acid films showed an immediate and steady decrease in function as successive scans were carried out. This decrease in function could be attributed to degeneration of thin coatings of the film with time. Phenol red coated GCE showed good stability for 15 scans

The Living Mission: Mission Statements Evidenced in the Student Experience

Mission statements are thought to be documents that hold the core purposes of an organization. While several studies have examined the various aspects of higher education mission statements, few have explored how the themes within mission statements are transferred to those the institutions is serves, it’s students. This qualitative studied used semi-structured interviews with graduating senior students at a mid-sized, Midwest institution to examine whether or not the missional themes were evident in and valuable to the students’ experience. The result of the study found that the missional themes were in general present and valuable in the students’ experience. The research also revealed that the value of themes and what the students’ discussed as valuable about their experiences were largely connected to their individual development in alignment with Chickering and Reisser’s 1993 student development theory. This study concluded with a discussion regarding the core importance of student development in the university experience and how this must be considered in the mission and future of higher education

Summary of Workshop to Review an OMB Report on Regulatory Risk Assessment and Management

Summary of the results of an invitational workshop conducted to peer review the 1990 OMB report, CURRENT REGULATORY ISSUES IN Risk ASSESSMENT AND Risk MANAGENMENTIN REGULATORY PROGRAM OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, APRIL 1, 1990 - MARCH 31, 1991

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering in centrosymmetric systems

Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) is an incoherent mechanism for optical second harmonic generation. The frequency-doubled light that emerges from this mechanism is not emitted in a laser-like manner, in the forward direction; it is scattered in all directions. The underlying theory for this effect involves terms that are quadratic in the incident field and involves an even-order optical susceptibility (for a molecule, its associated hyperpolarizability). In consequence, HRS is often regarded as formally forbidden in centrosymmetric media. However, for the fundamental three-photon interaction, theory based on the standard electric dipole approximation, representable as E13, does not account for all experimental observations. The relevant results emerge upon extending the theory to include E12M1 and E12E2 contributions, incorporating one magnetic dipolar or electric quadrupolar interaction, respectively, to a consistent level of multipolar expansion. Both additional interactions require the deployment of higher orders in the multipole expansion, with the E12E2 interaction analogous in rank and parity to a four-wave susceptibility. To elicit the correct form of response from fluid or disordered media invites a tensor representation which does not oversimplify the molecular components, yet which can produce results to facilitate the interpretation of experimental observations. The detailed derivation in this work leads to results which are summarized for the following: perpendicular detection of polarization components both parallel and perpendicular to the pump radiation, leading to distinct polarization ratio results, as well as a reversal ratio for forward scattered circular polarizations. The results provide a route to handling data with direct physical interpretation, to enable the more sophisticated design of molecules with sought nonlinear optical properties

Protective Effects of Calcium Against Chronic Waterborne Cadmium Exposure to Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss [Walbaum]) on 1% daily ration were exposed to 0 (control) or 2 μg of cadmium as Cd(NO3)2·4H2O per liter added to four different calcium (Ca) concentrations: 260 (background), 470 (low), 770 (medium), or 1200 (high) μM of Ca added as Cd(NO3)2·4H2O in synthetic soft water for 30 d. Mortality was highest (;80%) in the background 1 Cd treatment. Approximately 40% mortality was observed in the low 1 Cd exposure; mortality was 10% or less for all other treatments. No growth effects were seen for any of the exposures. Kidneys accumulated the greatest concentration of Cd during the 30 d, followed by gills and livers. Accumulation of Cd in gills, kidney, and liver decreased at higher water Ca concentrations. No differences in whole-body or plasma Ca concentrations were found. Swimming performance was impaired in the low + Cd-exposed fish. Influx of Ca2+ into whole bodies decreased as water Ca concentrations increased; influx of Ca2+ into background + Cd–treated fish was significantly reduced compared to that in control fish. Experiments that measured uptake of new Cd into gills showed that the affinity of gills for Cd (KCd-gill) and the number of binding sites for Cd decreased as water Ca concentrations increased. Acute accumulation of new Cd into gills and number of gill Cd-binding sites increased with chronic Cd exposure, whereas the affinity of gills for Cd decreased with chronic Cd exposure. Longer-term gill binding (72 h) showed reduced uptake of new Cd at higher water Ca levels and increased uptake with chronic Cd exposure. Complications were found in applying the biotic ligand model to fish that were chronically exposed to Cd because of discrepancies in the maximum number of gill Cd-binding sites among different studies

How Young Adults Use Social Media to Cope with Parental Divorce

Social media sites are becoming increasingly popular go-to sources of information for learning how to cope with personal difficulties. The purpose of our study was to gain insights into how to design social media messages and strategies to help young adults cope with issues related to parental divorce. Our research question focused on how the use of social media (Twitter, Facebook, etc.) was used by young adults to cope with the divorce of their parents. The participants of this study were 18-25 year olds with divorced parents. This sample was collected because we felt people in this age group had a clear understanding of why their parents may have divorced. We asked questions about three major topics: 1) What types of social media are they currently using? 2) What were the most difficult issues they faced in regards to their parents divorce and how did they cope? 3) Did they find any helpful information to cope on the Internet, and if so, what was it? From our analyses, we expect to be able to identify social media strategies to help get science-based information to young adults who have divorced parents.Ope