Training Strategies to Improve Muscle Power: Is Olympic-style Weightlifting Relevant?

Introduction: This efficacy study investigated the effects of (1) Olympic-style weightlifting (OWL), (2) motorized strength and power training (MSPT), and (3) free weight strength and power training (FSPT) on muscle power. Methods: Thirty-nine young athletes (20±3 yr.; ice hockey, volleyball and badminton) were randomized into the three training groups. All groups participated in 2-3 sessions/week for 8 weeks. The MSPT and FSPT groups trained using squats (two legs and single leg) with high force and high power, while the OWL group trained using clean and snatch exercises. MSPT was conducted as slow-speed isokinetic strength training and isotonic power training with augmented eccentric load, controlled by a computerized robotic engine system. FSPT used free weights. The training volume (sum of repetitions x kg) was similar between all three groups. Vertical jumping capabilities were assessed by countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), drop jump (DJ), and loaded CMJs (10-80 kg). Sprinting capacity was assessed in a 30 m sprint. Secondary variables were squat 1-repetitionmaximum, body composition and quadriceps thickness and architecture. Results: OWL resulted in trivial improvements, and inferior gains compared to FSPT and MSPT for CMJ, SJ, and DJ. MSPT demonstrated small, but robust effects on SJ, DJ and loaded CMJs (3-12%). MSPT was superior to FSPT in improving 30 m sprint performance. FSPT and MSPT, but not OWL, demonstrated increased thickness in the vastus lateralis and rectus femoris (4-7%). Conclusion: MSPT was time-efficient and equally or more effective than FSPT training in improving vertical jumping and sprinting performance. OWL was generally ineffective and inferior to the two other interventions.Training Strategies to Improve Muscle Power: Is Olympic-style Weightlifting Relevant?acceptedVersio

En casestudie av kastere på internasjonalt nivå

Introduksjon: For utøvere i idretter der prestasjonen i stor grad bestemmes av evnen til å utvikle høy «power» (effektutvikling; W) i korte tidsrom, ligger det en utfordring i å vite hva slags type styrketrening som skal prioriteres: Maksimal styrke med tunge vekter og trege bevegelser, eller eksplosiv trening med lettere vekter og raske bevegelser? I senere tid har det blitt populært å benytte seg av såkalte kraft-hastighetprofiler (KH-profiler), for å undersøke dette i f.eks. beinpress, knebøy og benkpress. Treningen til en utøver på høyt nivå er imidlertid kompleks og sammensatt, så en fremgangsmåte for å få en dypere og helhetlig forståelse av forholdet mellom «eksplosiv» trening og tung styrketrening, er å studere de beste utøverne. Det kan være nyttig både å undersøke hvordan de har utviklet seg (retrospektive analyser) og hvordan de utvikler seg videre. Hensikten med denne studien var derfor å studere tre av Norges beste utøvere i kastøvelser i friidrett: Hvordan utviklet de seg fra juniornivå til senior (nåtid, 2021), og hvordan utvikler deres KH-profiler seg gjennom en treningsperiode? Metode: En sleggekaster og to diskoskastere på internasjonalt elitenivå ble rekruttert til denne studien. Historiske prestasjonsresultater i kastøvelsen, samt historiske treningsrekorder og «perser» fra ulike fysiske tester (som 1RM i knebøy, markløft og frivending) ble samlet inn. Det ble også gjennomførte et kvalitativt intervju. Videre ble utøverne testet i generelle (svikthopp, beinpress og benkpress) og spesifikke (kast med ulik motstand) KH-profil-tester. To av utøverne ble testet er etter sesongslutt og før neste sesongstart, for å studere om KH-profilene endret seg i løpet av en treningsperiode. Korrelasjoner mellom testresultater, rekorder og konkurranseresultater ble gjennomført for å se hvilke tester og fysiske egenskaper som var best assosiert med prestasjon (kastlengde i konkurranser). Intervjuene ble analysert for treningsinnhold og prioriteringer av maksimalstyrke og eksplosiv styrke. Utvikling av rekorder, «perser» og prestasjonsnivå ble så sett i lys av informasjonen fra intervjuene. Resultater: Utøvernes utvikling fra juniornivå til internasjonalt seniornivå har vært preget av et fokusskifte fra variert trening, eksplosiv styrke og stor mengde kasttrening, til fokus på maksimal styrke og etter hvert mindre mengde kasttrening. Alle utøverne økte i eksplosiv styrke og styrke frem til 21-22 år, deretter fortsatte de økningen av maksimal styrke samt kroppsvekt. Maksimal styrke i markløft og knebøy, og eksplosiv styrke i form av frivending og peak power i vertikalt hopp var kvalitetene som korrelerte best med kastlengde. Det ble sett forbedringer i de generelle KH profilene etter en lengre treningsperiode. De spesifikke KH-profilene viste forbedringer eller ingen endring i samme periode. Diskusjon og konklusjon: Utøverne i denne studien har fra juniornivå til ∼ 21,5 år hatt en gjennomgående positiv utvikling i både maksimal og eksplosiv styrke, samt kastlengde, i sine respektive øvelser. Deretter har utviklingen av den eksplosive styrken flatet ut, mens maksimalstyrke synes å fortsette en positiv utviklingstrend, mens trenden for utviklingen i kast lengden er ulik for utøverne. Inn mot sesong høyreforskjøv utøverne KH-profilen og generelt produserte mer power. Denne studien synes å fortelle at utøvere i kast har nådd et tak for å hente ut treningseffekt av eksplosiv styrketrening, mens de fortsatt har et potensial i å øke muskelmasse og maksimalstyrke. Selv om eksplosiv trening ikke er direkte utviklende, kan den fortsatt være avgjørende for å overføre økt maksimalkraft til kastprestasjon

The Effects of in-Season Repeated Sprint Training Comparedto Regular Soccer Training

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of repeated sprints (RSA) training and regular soccer training on Yo-Yo IR-1 and RSA performance (6 x 40 m shuttle sprints). Thirteen semi-professional female soccer players and nine amateur male soccer players were randomised into a repeated sprint group (RSG; n = 12) or a regular soccer training group (STG; n = 10). The RSG soccer players executed 3-4 sets of 4-6 repeated sprints (30 m with 180° directional changes) weekly during the last eight weeks of the in-season. In parallel, the STG soccer players performed low- to moderate intensity soccer training in form of technical or tactical skills. The RSG showed 15% improvement in Yo-Yo IR-1 (p = 0.04; ES = 1.83) and their mean RSA times were reduced by 1.5% (p = 0.02; ES = 0.89). No significant changes were found for the STG (Yo-Yo IR-1, p = 0.13; RSA, p = 0.49). Comparing the groups, greater improvements were observed in Yo-Yo IR-1 for the RSG (p = 0.02; ES = 1.15), but not for the RSA (p = 0.23; ES = -0.33). Similar training volumes and intensities (% of HFmax) were observed between the groups (p = 0.22 and p = 0.79). In conclusion, a weekly RSA session integrated into a regular soccer regime improved in-season RSA and Yo-Yo IR-1 performance compared to regular soccer training

PORDaS: Peer-to-peer Object Relational Database System

This master thesis presents PORDaS, the Peer-to-peer Object Relational Database System. It is a continuation of work done in a project of fall 2005, where the foundation for the thesis was laid down. The focus of the work is on distributed query processing between autonomous databases in a structured peer-to-peer network. A great deal of effort has gone into compiling the theoretical foundation for the project, which served as a basis for assessing alternative approaches to introducing a query processor in a peer-to-peer database. The old PORDaS version was extended to include a simplified, pipelined query processor capable of joining tables. The query processor had two different execution strategies, the first was performing join operators at the requesting node and the second was performing join operators parallel among the nodes participating in the query. Experiments which ran PORDaS on a cluster of 36 computers showed that there are room for improvements even though the system was able to perform all the tests

PORDaS: Peer-to-peer Object Relational Database System

This master thesis presents PORDaS, the Peer-to-peer Object Relational Database System. It is a continuation of work done in a project of fall 2005, where the foundation for the thesis was laid down. The focus of the work is on distributed query processing between autonomous databases in a structured peer-to-peer network. A great deal of effort has gone into compiling the theoretical foundation for the project, which served as a basis for assessing alternative approaches to introducing a query processor in a peer-to-peer database. The old PORDaS version was extended to include a simplified, pipelined query processor capable of joining tables. The query processor had two different execution strategies, the first was performing join operators at the requesting node and the second was performing join operators parallel among the nodes participating in the query. Experiments which ran PORDaS on a cluster of 36 computers showed that there are room for improvements even though the system was able to perform all the tests

PORDaS : Peer-to-peer Object Relational Database System

This master thesis presents PORDaS, the Peer-to-peer Object Relational Database System. It is a continuation of work done in a project of fall 2005, where the foundation for the thesis was laid down. The focus of the work is on distributed query processing between autonomous databases in a structured peer-to-peer network. A great deal of effort has gone into compiling the theoretical foundation for the project, which served as a basis for assessing alternative approaches to introducing a query processor in a peer-to-peer database. The old PORDaS version was extended to include a simplified, pipelined query processor capable of joining tables. The query processor had two different execution strategies, the first was performing join operators at the requesting node and the second was performing join operators parallel among the nodes participating in the query. Experiments which ran PORDaS on a cluster of 36 computers showed that there are room for improvements even though the system was able to perform all the tests

Myocardial function in premature infants: a longitudinal observational study

Objectives Gestational and chronological age may have an impact on myocardial function. We studied the longitudinal changes of the atrioventricular tissue Doppler velocities in premature infants through the neonatal transitional period and at expected term and explored the reproducibility of the measurements. Design Prospective, observational and longitudinal cohort study. Setting Two-centre study, from a secondary and a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Participants 55 infants (29 males) with gestational age 31–35 weeks and birth weight 1127–2836 grams. Primary and secondary outcome measures Pulsed-wave atrioventricular left, septum and right ventricular annulus tissue Doppler systolic (S′), early diastolic (E′) and late diastolic (A′) velocities measured by repeated echocardiographic examinations days 1, 2 and 3 and at expected term. Results All velocities increased significantly from the neonatal period to expected term (p<0.001). We found a significant correlation between gestational age and right-sided S′, E′ and A′ on day 1 (Pearson correlation 0.32–0.46, p<0.05), for S′ in all three walls and septal E′ and A′ on day 2 (Pearson correlation 0.27–0.49, p<0.05). There was a moderate linear correlation between left ventricle end-diastolic length and septal and right S′ at term and for septal E′ and A′ at day 1 (Pearson correlation 0.30–0.56, p<0.05). We found no correlation between heart rate and tissue Doppler velocities when controlling for the effect of fusion. Continuous positive airway pressure showed moderate effect where as persistence of the ductus arteriosus showed no effect on the tissue Doppler velocities. The E′/A′ relationship was consistently reversed throughout the study with frequently fused diastolic tissue velocity signals. Conclusions Pulsed-wave atrioventricular annulus tissue Doppler velocities were related to gestational age, postnatal age and ventricular size. Right ventricle velocities showed more pronounced increase with postnatal maturation than left ventricle velocities. The degree of E′/A′ fusion influenced the diastolic tissue Doppler velocities and should be reported if present

Development of the Ibm.Com Interactive Solution Marketplace (ISM)a Systems Engineering Case Study

IBM\u27s ibm.com business unit contracted with IBM Global Services (IGS), another business unit of IBM, to develop their Interactive Solution Marketplace (ISM) application. ISM is a single point of entry on the ibm.com website for browsing and searching for a suite of solutions as opposed to individual software and hardware items. The first release of ISM experienced schedule and release content challenges. Development of the second release of ISM (ISM 2.0) became one of the first projects where IBM Global Services implemented their formal Systems Engineering and Architecture (SE&A) process. During the SE&A process implementation, particular emphasis was placed on requirements analysis and management, and on structured and scored reviews. This technical paper presents this implementation and the results in the form of a systems engineering case study. Implementation of the SE&A process during the development of ISM 2.0 was successful. ISM 2.0 was delivered on schedule, at 5% below projected cost, and it constituted the functionality and features expected and desired by stakeholders. Consensus on core stakeholder requirements was achieved early during project development, and the technical reviews allowed the team to identify and resolve key issues before proceeding into subsequent phases. This discipline, along with the expenditure of resources to develop quality requirements, greatly reduced project rework. As such, only one-tenth of anticipated defects were actually found and reported during testing. The quality of the deployed application was further validated by the minimal number of post-launch defects reported

High-Frequency of Computer Tomography and Surgery for Abdominal Pain After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Abstract Introduction Acute, intermittent, and chronic abdominal pain is a common complaint after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Objectives The aimof the study was to evaluate the use of medical imaging and the need for surgery treating abdominal pain after RYGB in a cohort with long-term follow-up. Methods Data from 569 patients who underwent RYGB as the primary bariatric procedure at a public hospital in Norway between April 2004 and June 2011 were prospectively registered in a local quality registry for bariatric surgery. All abdominal imaging and abdominal surgical procedures were registered until August 2017. Results Mean follow-up was 100 months (61–159). During the observation period, 22% had one CT, 9% had two CTs, 4% had three CTs, and 5% had four or more CTs for abdominal pain. Twenty-two percent underwent abdominal surgery, as 16% had one and 6% had two or more operations and gynecological procedures excluded. The purpose of operation was postoperative complications (1.4%), suspected internal herniation (9.3%), cholecystectomy (9.3%), appendectomy (2.3%), hernias (3.2%), and perforated ulcer in the gastrojejunal anastomosis (0.7%). Mean time interval was 42 ± 27 months from RYGB to cholecystectomy and 51 ± 26 months for suspected IH. Conclusion With a mean follow-up period of more than 8 years after RYGB, 40% of the patients suffered from abdominal pain, needing one or more CT scans. The need for surgery treating suspected internal hernia and cholecystectomy was equal, at 9.3% for both procedures, but the mean time from RYGB to operation was shorter for cholecystectomies. Keywords Roux-en-Y gastric bypass . RYGB . Abdominal pain . CT . Internal herniation . Cholecystectomy . Gallbladder disease . Postbariatri