Issues in NASA program and project management. Special Report: 1993 conference

This volume is the seventh in an ongoing series on aerospace project management at NASA. Articles in this volume cover the 1993 Conference: perspectives in NASA program/project management; the best job in aerospace; improvements in project management at NASA; strategic planning...mapping the way to NASA's future; new NASA procurement initiatives; international cooperation; and industry, government and university partnership. A section on resources for NASA managers rounds out the publication

A parent body association for the carbonaceous chondrite groups.

Accepted versio

Right Hemisphere Partial Complex Seizures: Mania, Hallucinations, and Speech Disturbances During Ictal Events

A patient with right hemisphere complex partial seizures exhibited extreme emotional lability resembling mania, neologisms resembling those found in fluent aphasia, and hallucinations during ictal periods. The electroencephalographic and clinical findings in this case suggest that cortical and subcortical structures of the right hemisphere may play a role in mediating the expression of language content. RÉSUMÉ Chez un patient prÉsentant des crises partielles complexes de l'hÉmisphÈre droit, nous avons observÉ pendant les crises une labilitÉÉmotionnelle Évoquant le diagnostic de manie. des nÉologismes ressemblant À ceux de l'aphasie de Wernicke et des hallucinations. Nos constatation EEG et cliniques suggÈrent que les structures corticales et sous-corticales de l'hÉmisphÈre droit peuvent jouer un rÔle dans la mÉdiation de l'expression du contenu linguistique. RESUMEN Un paciente con ataques parciales complejos originados en el hemisferio derecho mostrÓ una labilidad emocional extrema semejante a la mania, neologismos comparables a los que se encuentran en la afasia fluida y alucinaciones durante los perÍodos ictales. Los hallazgos clÍnicos y del EEG en este caso sugieren que estructuras corticales y subcorticales del hemisferio derecho pueden jugar un papel en la funciÓn del contenido del lenguaje expresivo.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66016/1/j.1528-1157.1988.tb05093.x.pd

Health Outcome after Major Trauma: What Are We Measuring?

Importance: Trauma is a global disease and is among the leading causes of disability in the world. The importance of outcome beyond trauma survival has been recognised over the last decade. Despite this there is no internationally agreed approach for assessment of health outcome and rehabilitation of trauma patients. Objective: To systematically examine to what extent outcomes measures evaluate health outcomes in patients with major trauma. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL (from 2006-2012) were searched for studies evaluating health outcome after traumatic injuries. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies of adult patients with injuries involving at least two body areas or organ systems were included. Information on study design, outcome measures used, sample size and outcomes were extracted. The World Health Organisation International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) were used to evaluate to what extent outcome measures captured health impacts. Results: 34 studies from 755 studies were included in the review. 38 outcome measures were identified. 21 outcome measures were used only once and only five were used in three or more studies. Only 6% of all possible health impacts were captured. Concepts related to activity and participation were the most represented but still only captured 12% of all possible concepts in this domain. Measures performed very poorly in capturing concepts related to body function (5%), functional activities (11%) and environmental factors (2%). Conclusion: Outcome measures used in major trauma capture only a small proportion of health impacts. There is no inclusive classification for measuring disability or health outcome following trauma. The ICF may provide a useful framework for the development of a comprehensive health outcome measure for trauma care

Comparison of breast and bowel cancer screening uptake patterns in a common cohort of South Asian women in England

Background: Inequalities in uptake of cancer screening by ethnic minority populations are well documented in a number of international studies. However, most studies to date have explored screening uptake for a single cancer only. This paper compares breast and bowel cancer screening uptake for a cohort of South Asian women invited to undertake both, and similarly investigates these women's breast cancer screening behaviour over a period of fifteen years. Methods: Screening data for rounds 1, 2 and 5 (1989-2004) of the NHS breast cancer screening programme and for round 1 of the NHS bowel screening pilot (2000-2002) were obtained for women aged 50-69 resident in the English bowel screening pilot site, Coventry and Warwickshire, who had been invited to undertake breast and bowel cancer screening in the period 2000-2002. Breast and bowel cancer screening uptake levels were calculated and compared using the chi-squared test. Results: 72,566 women were invited to breast and bowel cancer screening after exclusions. Of these, 3,539 were South Asian and 69,027 non-Asian; 18,730 had been invited to mammography over the previous fifteen years (rounds 1 to 5). South Asian women were significantly less likely to undertake both breast and bowel cancer screening; 29.9% (n = 1,057) compared to 59.4% (n = 40,969) for non-Asians (p < 0.001). Women in both groups who consistently chose to undertake breast cancer screening in rounds 1, 2 and 5 were more likely to complete round 1 bowel cancer screening. However, the likelihood of completion of bowel cancer screening was still significantly lower for South Asians; 49.5% vs. 82.3% for non-Asians, p < 0.001. South Asian women who undertook breast cancer screening in only one round were no more likely to complete bowel cancer screening than those who decided against breast cancer screening in all three rounds. In contrast, similar women in the non-Asian population had an increased likelihood of completing the new bowel cancer screening test. The likelihood of continued uptake of mammography after undertaking screening in round 1 differed between South Asian religio-linguistic groups. Noticeably, women in the Muslim population were less likely to continue to participate in mammography than those in other South Asian groups. Conclusions: Culturally appropriate targeted interventions are required to reduce observed disparities in cancer screening uptakes

Half dose of prostaglandin F2a is effective to induce luteolysis in the synchronization of ovulation protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of half dose of PGF2alpha in the synchronization of ovulation protocol (GnRH/PGF2alpha/GnRH) for fixed-time artificial insemination in buffalo. Two hundred and sixty two buffaloes (³40 days postpartum) were divided in 2 groups (Group 1, n = 125, GnRH/ ½ dose de PGF2alpha/GnRH; Control Group, n = 137, GnRH/PGF2alpha/GnRH). Animals in Group 1 received 25mg of GnRH IM (Lecirelin, Gestran-plus®) and, seven days later, half dose of PGF2alpha IM (75mg d-cloprostenol, Preloban®). Two days after PGF2alpha injection, all animals received 25mg of GnRH IM (Lecirelin). Animals in Control Group received the same treatment, except for the dose of PGF2alpha(150mg, IM, d-cloprostenol, Preloban®). All animals were fixed-time inseminated 16 hours after the second GnRH injection. Blood samples were collected from 35 buffaloes in Group 1 and 30 buffaloes in Control Group on day of PGF2alpha and second GnRH injections to measure plasma progesterone concentrations. Conception rate was not influenced by PGF2alpha dosage (P&gt;;0.05). Conception rates were 48.00% (60/125) and 40.90% (56/137) in Group 1 and Control Group, respectively. It was observed that 88.60% (n = 35) of the buffaloes in Group 1 and 90.00% (n = 30) in Control Group presented luteolysis 48 hours after the PGF2alpha injection (P&gt;;0.05). In summary, present data show that both treatments result in acceptable conception rates. Therefore, the recommended dose of PGF2alpha can be reduced in 50.00% in the synchronization of ovulation protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination in buffalo.O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a eficiência da meia dose de PGF2alfa no protocolo de sincronização da ovulação (GnRH/PGF2alfa/GnRH) para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em bubalinos. Foram utilizadas 262 búfalas (³ 40 dias pós-parto), divididas em dois grupos (Grupo 1, n = 125, GnRH/ ½ dose de PGF2alfa/GnRH; Grupo Controle, n = 137, GnRH/PGF2alfa/GnRH). Os animais do Grupo 1 receberam 25 mg de GnRH IM (Lecirelina, Gestran-plus®) e, após sete dias, receberam 75mg de PGF2alfaIM (d-cloprostenol, Preloban®). Dois dias após a aplicação da PGF2alfa, esses animais receberam 25mg de GnRH IM (Lecirelina). Os animais do Grupo Controle receberam o mesmo tratamento, à exceção da dose de PGF2alfa (150mg de d-cloprostenol, Preloban®). Todos os animais foram inseminados em tempo fixo 16 horas após a segunda aplicação de GnRH. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 35 búfalas do Grupo 1 e de 30 do Grupo Controle nos dias da aplicação de PGF2alfa e da segunda dose de GnRH. As colheitas de sangue foram realizadas para avaliar as concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona. Os resultados demonstraram que a taxa de concepção não foi influenciada pela dose de PGF2alfa (P&gt;;0,05). As taxas de concepção dos Grupos 1 e Controle foram de 48,00% (60/125) e 40,90% (56/137), respectivamente. Observou-se que 88,60% (n = 35) das búfalas do Grupo 1 e 90,00% (n = 30) do Grupo Controle apresentaram luteólise 48 horas após a aplicação de PGF2alfa (P&gt;;0,05). Em conclusão, os resultados indicaram que ambos tratamentos proporcionaram aceitáveis taxas de concepção. Dessa forma, a dose recomendada de PGF2alfa pode ser reduzida pela metade no protocolo de sincronização da ovulação para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em bubalinos

Avaliação da sincronização da ovulação para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar eficiência do protocolo de sincronização da ovulação (GnRH/PGF2alfa/GnRH) para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo em bubalinos. No Experimento 1, trinta e três búfalas com 60 dias pós-parto, foram separadas em dois grupos para avaliação da dinâmica folicular (Grupo 1, n = 16, 10mg de GnRH/15mg de PGF2alfa/10mg de GnRH; Grupo 2, n = 17, 20mg de GnRH/PGF2alfa/10mg de GnRH). Exames ultra-sonográficos foram realizados de 12 em 12 horas para verificar a resposta ovariana à primeira aplicação de GnRH. Outras avaliações foram realizadas nos dias da aplicação da PGF2alfa e do segundo GnRH. Em seguida, foram realizados exames de 6 em 6 horas até o momento da ovulação. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue nos dias das aplicações para avaliar as concentrações de progesterona no momento das administrações hormonais. No Experimento 2, foi verificada a eficiência da sincronização da ovulação para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (16 horas após o segunda dose de GnRH, n=1053), durante as estações reprodutiva favorável e desfavorável, nos anos de 1998 e 1999. Os animais receberam 20mg de GnRH/PGF2alfa/10mg de GnRH. Ainda, foi analisada a influência da condição corporal, ordem de partos, período pós-parto ao início do tratamento, ano e a estação reprodutiva (favorável ou desfavorável), sobre a taxa de concepção. No Experimento 1, verificou-se que 33,0 ± 8,3h após a primeira aplicação de GnRH, 60,60% dos animais ovularam (Grupo 1 = 70,5 vs. Grupo 2 = 50,00%; P&gt;;0,05). A dose de GnRH (10mg vs. 20mg) e a concentração de progesterona no início do tratamento não interferiu na ovulação (P&gt;;0,05). Os animais que ovularam (n = 20) após a primeira aplicação de GnRH apresentaram maior diâmetro folicular (P;0,05). No Experimento 2, observou-se taxa de concepção de 45,40% (n = 1053). Animais sincronizados durante a estação reprodutiva favorável apresentaram melhores taxas de concepção quando comparados ao período desfavorável (48,80% vs. 6,90%; P &lt; 0,05). A taxa de concepção foi influenciada pela condição corporal dos animais e pela ordem de partos durante a estação reprodutiva favorável (P;0,05). Em conclusão, os Experimentos indicaram que a utilização da sincronização da ovulação para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo, durante a estação reprodutiva favorável, apresenta resultados satisfatórios em bubalinos, podendo ainda ser melhorados quando utilizadas búfalas multíparas com bom estado corporal no início do tratamento.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of synchronization ovulation protocol (GnRH/PGF2alpha/GnRH) for fixed timed insemination in buffalo. In Experiment 1, thirty-three female buffaloes with 60 days postpartum, were divided in two groups for evaluation of the follicular dynamics (Group 1, n = 16, 10mg of GnRH/15mg of PGF2alpha/10mg of GnRH; Group 2, n = 17, 20mg of GnRH/15mg of PGF2alpha/10mg of GnRH). Ultrasonography exams were performed every 12 hours to verify the ovarian response to the first GnRH injection. Another evaluations were performed on PGF2a injection and second GnRH injection. After last hormonal injection, ultrasonography exams were performed every 6 hours to verify the moment of the ovulation. Blood samples were collected on Days 0, 7 and 9 to evaluate the progesterone concentrations at the moment of the hormonal injections. In Experiment 2, the efficiency of the synchronization of ovulation was verified for fixed timed insemination (16 hours after second GnRH injection, n=1053), during the favorable and unfavorable reproductive season, in the years of 1998 and 1999. Animals received 20mg of GnRH/15mg of PGF2alpha/10mg of GnRH. Besides, also recorded and evaluated aspects like body condition score, parity, postpartum period, year and the reproductive season (favorable or unfavorable season), on the conception rate. In Experiment 1, it was verified that 33.0 ± 8.3h after the first GnRH injection, 60.60% of the animals ovulated (Group 1 = 70.5 vs. Group 2 = 50.00%; P&gt;;0.05). The dose of GnRH (10mg vs. 20mg) and the progesterone concentration did not interfere in ovulation in the beginning of the treatment (P&gt;;0.05). Animals that ovulated (n = 20) after the first GnRH injection presented larger follicular diameter (P ;0.05). In Experiment 2, it was observed conception rate of 45.40% (n = 1053). Animals synchronized during the favorable reproductive season presented better conception rate than the unfavorable season (48.80% vs. 6.90%; P ;0.05). In summary, the Experiments indicated that the use of synchronization of the ovulation for fixed timed insemination, during the favorable reproductive season, presents satisfactory results in buffalo and could still be better when used multiparous buffaloes with good body conditon score in the beginning of the treatment

ABORDAGEM DA LEISHMANIOSE VISCERAL CANINA (LVC) POR MÉDICOS VETERINÁRIOS

The canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis extremely important for public health, of worldwide relevance, with 90% of the cases registered in Brazil. It´s caused by the protozoan from the genus Leishmania and its main host is the domestic dog. For the successful transmission, it must have the presence of the vector, a hematophagous mosquito from genus Lutyzomia. The diagnostic from the disease is extremely difficult, seen that 60% to 80% of the seropositive animals are asymptomatic and the clinical manifestations are very nonspecific. After changes made by the Health Ministry, it actually is permitted to realize the treatment of the positive animals to CVL, in which the most accepted medicament is Miltefosine.&nbsp; Yet, independent of the treatment, the best method against CVL is prevention. In the present job was produced a questionnaire through the platform Google Forms with 14 questions encompassing the Leishmaniasis. Were collected 65 answers veterinarians of different ages and states of Brazil.&nbsp; 80% of vets said to indicate the treatment of the animal in cases of leishmaniasis confirmed, while 3.08% still indicate euthanasia. Although not recommended, the use of amphotericin B and pentavalent antimonials is still seen in the treatment protocols, however, the majority (75.4%) opts for the use of Miltefosina, recommended. Vaccination, although accepted by most veterinarians (95.38%), is still a little-used practice due to the low product availability in clinics, just 47.69% have in the veterinary clinic. Among veterinarians, 95.4% indicate the use of 4% deltamethrin collars as prevention. A good performance by the veterinarian is of paramount importance for the control effect of VL.La leishmaniasis visceral canina (LVC) es una zoonosis de extrema importancia en la salud pública, en todo el mundo, con el 90% de los casos registrados en Brasil.&nbsp; Es causada por el protozoario género Leishmania y su principal huésped es el perro doméstico y, para que se produzca la transmisión, es obligatoria la presencia del vector, el mosquito hematófago género Lutzomyia.&nbsp;El diagnóstico de la enfermedad es bastante difícil, ya que del 60 al 80% de los animales seropositivos son asintomáticos y las manifestaciones clínicas son muy inespecíficas.&nbsp; Después de los cambios realizados por el Ministerio de Salud, actualmente está permitido llevar a cabo el tratamiento de animales positivos para LVC, en el que el medicamento más aceptado es Miltefosina, sin embargo, independientemente del tratamiento, el mejor método contra LVC es la prevención.&nbsp; En el presente trabajo, se produjo un cuestionario a través de la plataforma Google Forms con 14 preguntas que cubren la leishmaniasis.&nbsp; Se recogieron 65 respuestas de veterinarios de diferentes edades y estados de Brasil.&nbsp; El 80% de los veterinarios dijeron que indicaban el tratamiento del animal en caso de leishmaniasis confirmada, mientras que el 3.08% todavía indica eutanasia.&nbsp; Aunque no se recomienda, aún se observa el uso de anfotericina B y antimoniales pentavalentes en los protocolos de tratamiento, sin embargo, la mayoría (75.4%) opta por el uso de miltefosina, se recomienda.&nbsp; La vacunación, aunque aceptada por la mayoría de los veterinarios (95.38%), todavía es una práctica poco utilizada debido a la baja disponibilidad del producto en las clínicas, solo el 47.69% lo tiene en la clínica veterinaria.&nbsp; Entre los veterinarios, el 95.4% indica el uso de collares de deltametrina al 4% como prevención.&nbsp; Un buen desempeño por parte del veterinario es de suma importancia para el efecto de control de VL.A Leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma zoonose de extrema importância na saúde pública, de distribuição mundial, com 90% dos casos registrados no Brasil. É causada pelo protozoário gênero Leishmania e tem como principal hospedeiro o cão doméstico. Para que ocorra a transmissão, é obrigatória a presença do vetor, mosquito hematófago Lutzomyia sp. O diagnóstico da doença é bastante difícil, já que 60 a 80% dos animais soropositivos são assintomáticos e as manifestações clínicas são muito inespecíficas. Após mudanças realizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde, atualmente é permitido realizar o tratamento dos animais positivos para LVC, no qual o medicamento mais aceito é a miltefosina, porém, independente do tratamento, o melhor método contra a LVC é a prevenção. No presente trabalho foi produzido um questionário através da plataforma Google Forms com 14 perguntas englobando a Leishmaniose. Foram coletadas 65 respostas de médicos veterinários de diferentes idades e estados do Brasil.&nbsp; 80% dos veterinários disseram indicar o tratamento do animal em caso de leishmaniose confirmada, enquanto 3,08% ainda indicam a eutanásia. Embora não recomendados, ainda se nota o uso de anfotericina B e antimoniais pentavalentes nos protocolos de tratamento, porém a maioria (75,4%) opta pelo uso da miltefosina, recomendada. A vacinação, embora aceita pela maioria dos veterinários (95,38%), ainda é uma prática pouco utilizada devido à baixa disponibilidade do produto nas clínicas, somente 47,69% tem no consultório. Dentre os veterinários, 95,4% indicam o uso de coleiras de deltametrina 4% como prevenção. Uma boa atuação do médico veterinário é de suma importância para o efeito controle da LV

Progesterone levels in fat-eree milk of cows during post partum period and early pregnancy diagnosis

Foram avaliados os períodos pós-parto de vacas primíparas mestiças Gir x Caracu e Nelore x Caracu mantidas em regime extensivo de pastagem. Para a determinação dos níveis hormonais de progesterona, amostras de leite foram coletadas semanalmente até que os animais apresentassem o 1º estro perceptível, quando foram inseminadas artificialmente. Decorridos 21 dias da inseminação, amostras foram coletadas e dosadas para fazer o diagnóstico precoce de gestação. Os resultados mostraram início de ciclicidade ovariana com 9,89 semanas após o parto para vacas Gir x Caracu, com valores médios de progesterona de 0,28 nmol/l no dia do estro e 7,62 nmol/1 aos 21 dias após a inseminação. Para vacas Nelore x Caracu, o estro se deu com 12,08 semanas após o parto e com valores médios de progesterona de 0,46 nmol/l e 9.23 nmol/1 para o dia do estro e no 21º dia, respectivamente. Dez gestações de doze diagnosticadas no 21º dia foram confirmadas por palpação retal, tendo ocorrido um caso de mortalidade embrionária precoce. Outras três vacas foram inseminadas durante a fase luteínica. A eficiência na observação de estros foi de 52.94%, pois de 34 identificados pelos níveis hormonais, 18 foram percebidos visualmente. A variação entre os cruzamentos não alterou significativamente o nível de progesterona no dia do estro, tampouco no 21º dia após inseminação e também quanto ao período necessário ao reinício da atividade ovariana pós - parto.Progesterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in fat-free milk samples obtained weekly from 26 primiparous, suckling cows, raised in range conditions. Samples were collected in post partum period up to observation of first signs of estrus. Profiles of progesterone concentrations for early pregnancy diagnosis were also examined on milk samples taken 21 days after artificial insemination. Results showed ovarian ciclicity starting 9.89 weeks post partum in crossed Gir x Caracu cows, with 0.28 nmol/1 progesterone on the day of estrus anti 7.62 nmol/1 21 days post Al. In crossed Nelore x Caracu cows, these results were 12.08 weeks, 0.46 nmol/1 and 9.23 nmol/1, respectively. Ten pregnancies out of 12 diagnosed were confirmed by rectal palpation. There was one case of embryo mortality and three AI were practiced during luteal phase. Estrus observation efficiency was 52.94%, since out of 34 heats identified through hormonal determinations, 18 were detected visually. Variations between crossings did not significantly alter progesterone profiles on day of estrus, nor on 21th day after AI or as for ovarian activity post partum

Star forming dwarf galaxies

Star forming dwarf galaxies (SFDGs) have a high gas content and low metallicities, reminiscent of the basic entities in hierarchical galaxy formation scenarios. In the young universe they probably also played a major role in the cosmic reionization. Their abundant presence in the local volume and their youthful character make them ideal objects for detailed studies of the initial stellar mass function (IMF), fundamental star formation processes and its feedback to the interstellar medium. Occasionally we witness SFDGs involved in extreme starbursts, giving rise to strongly elevated production of super star clusters and global superwinds, mechanisms yet to be explored in more detail. SFDGs is the initial state of all dwarf galaxies and the relation to the environment provides us with a key to how different types of dwarf galaxies are emerging. In this review we will put the emphasis on the exotic starburst phase, as it seems less important for present day galaxy evolution but perhaps fundamental in the initial phase of galaxy formation.Comment: To appear in JENAM Symposium "Dwarf Galaxies: Keys to Galaxy Formation and Evolution", P. Papaderos, G. Hensler, S. Recchi (eds.). Lisbon, September 2010, Springer Verlag, in pres