Studies on the Life-Cycle of \u3ci\u3e Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus\u3c/i\u3e (Faust) (Trematoda: Strigeoieda) and the Self Cure of Infected Fish*

During the summer of 1956 the following fish of Turtle River (Arvilla), North Dakota were found infected with the Neascus metacercaria of Ornithodiplostomum ptychocheilus (Faust): Northern common shiner (Notropis cornutus frontalis), bigmouth shiner (Notropis d. dorsalis), creek chub (Semotilus a. atromaculatus), fathead (Pimephales p. promelas), and johnny darter (Boleosoma n. nigrum). The cysts were usually very numerous (up to 400 per fish) in the mesenteries of the chub and common shiner; they were also very numerous in the cranial cavity and in the fat bodies behind the eyes of the common shiner and fathead, but were never seen in these locations in the chub. These unusual locations were briefly reported previously (Hoffman, 1954). Only 1 specimen of O. ptychocheilus was found in the mesenteries of the johnny darters examined

A New Host for \u3ci\u3ePleistophora ovariae\u3c/i\u3e (Microsporida)

Pleistophora ovariae, a microsporidan parasite that infects ovaries of the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), is a widespread problem for minnow culturists. It occurred in shiners held at 45 of 49 commercial fish farms inspected by Summerfelt and Warner (1970, Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6: 457-465). This microsporidan causes considerable damage to golden shiner ovaries, reducing fecundity, but most fish farmers obtain an adequate supply of eggs from young fish (1 or 2 years old) in which ovarian damage is not yet extensive

Two New Species of Myxozoa, \u3ci\u3eMyxobolus inaequus\u3c/i\u3e sp. n. and \u3ci\u3eHenneguya theca\u3c/i\u3e sp. n. from the Brain of a South American Knife Fish, \u3ci\u3eEigemannia virescens\u3c/i\u3e (V.)

Two new species of Myxozoa from the brain of the green knife fish Eigemannia virescens are described: Myxobolus inaequus sp. n. has an unusually large spore body and extremely unequal polar capsules, and Henneguya theca sp. n. has an attenuated spore encased in a sheath not previously described in other Myxozoa. Only spores of the two species were observed, and infections caused no obvious pathological changes in the brain

\u3ci\u3eGyrodactylus eucaliae\u3c/i\u3e n. sp. (Trematoda: Monogenea) from the Brook Stickleback, \u3ci\u3eEucalia inconstans\u3c/i\u3e*

A new species of Gyrodactylus was observed on the skin, gills, and fins of the brook stickleback from the English Coulee, Grand Forks, North Dakota during the summers of 1953-1955. Host-specificity is usually striking in the monogenetic trematodes and since this parasite was not observed on any other species of fish from this body of water or the nearby Turtle River, it was studied in detail and is here described as a new species, G. eucaliae

Notes on the Life Cycle of Bunodera eucaliae Miller (Trematoda, Allocreadiidae) of the Stickleback, Eucalia inconstans

Bunodera eucaliae was described by Miller (1936, Canad .J. Res. D, 14: 11-14) in Quebec. It has since been reported from Wisconsin by Bangham (1944, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letts. 36: 291-325) and Fischthal (1945, Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letts. 37: 157-220). In 1948 near Lamont, Iowa, the writer discovered a small spring pool which was two miles distant from the Maquoketa River. Since there was only the one species of fish present it furnished an excellent opportunity for making observations on the probable life cycle of this fish\u27s only digenetic trematode, B. eucaliae

Irrigation Systems Management

Management of irrigation systems should be based on the desired objectives or outcomes consistent with economic, energy, environmental, labor, water, and resource constraints. Goals can vary from maximizing profit, producing a contracted yield, optimizing water resource use, maintaining the quality of produce, or assuring an attractive landscape. Managers cannot achieve these goals without considering the performance of the irrigation system. This chapter discusses the basic characteristics of various irrigation systems, defines terms that quantify performance, describes basic requirements all systems must provide, gives a range of attributes for systems, and discusses how water supply requirements are governed by ET and system characteristics. Detailed characteristics of specific systems are presented in later chapters. The key here is to understand the basic systems and their relative performance

Irrigation Systems Management

Like most textbooks, this book grew out of our desire to have written material that matches the educational needs of both the students and the instructor of a college course, in this case a course entitled Irrigation Systems Management. The book is the culmination of course notes which have been in development and use for nearly 30 years. The emphasis of this book is on the management of irrigation systems that are used for agricultural crop production. There are two distinct components of the book, starting with the soil-water-plant-atmosphere system and how soil water should be managed to achieve the desired crop production outcomes. This includes in-depth presentations on soil water storage and movement, plant water use, managing the soil water reservoir through irrigation scheduling, and salinity management. The book then shifts to the second component, which is the description and management of the various forms of agricultural irrigation systems along with their water supply. Whether it be a surface, sprinkler, or microirrigation system, the irrigation manager must not only know how much water to apply but also how to manage the system itself to achieve efficient application. High application efficiency can only be realized by minimizing runoff, deep percolation, evaporation, and drift onto non-target areas. Since energy costs are an integral part of the management equation, one chapter in the book deals with the hydraulics and energy requirements of pumping and distributing water. One of the key themes spread throughout the book is providing guidance to irrigation managers on how to improve irrigation water productivity (production per unit of irrigation water) and minimize water resource contamination. Our goal is for the reader to understand the complexities of irrigation systems and how they are to be managed to meet the water needs of the crop production system. This is not an irrigation engineering design book; we have purposely minimized the presentation of design steps and the supporting equations. The intended audience of the book is upper-level undergraduate students and graduate students who are pursuing degrees in Agricultural or Natural Resource Sciences. Example majors include Agricultural Systems Technology, Agronomy, Crop Science, Mechanized Systems Management (or equivalent), Natural Resources Management, Soil Science, and Water Science. We expect the reader to have a basic understanding of soils, crops, physics, and the application of algebraic equations. We have also tried to add enough advanced material to challenge graduate students when the book is used in courses that are taught simultaneously at the undergraduate and graduate level. We hope the book will match the needs of students who plan to work in irrigation and related industries, university extension and outreach, private consulting, government service, or production agriculture and that it will continue to serve as a useful reference to them following completion of their formal education

Total pinealectomy by an occipital parasagittal approach in sheep

A reliable method of total pinealectomy in sheep without a resulting significant neurological deficit has been developed and is described. The known effect of light on sheep gonadotropin levels helps validate these studies of its pineal gland. Special attention is given to delineation of the surgical anatomy of the gland and its relationship under magnification to the central draining veins of the brain. In this large mammal this relationship differs considerably from that of humans. The application of an intrahemispheric occipital exposure using magnification, as well as the preoperative administration of steroids and osmotic agents, helped to minimize the effects of retraction and resultant cerebral edema. We have thus been able to increase the rate of successful pinealectomy to 83%, allowing the development of groups of animals suitable for studies of the neuroendocrine function of the pineal and pituitary glands.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/23818/1/0000057.pd

Impacts of caring for a child with the CDKL5 disorder on parental wellbeing and family quality of life

Background: Although research in this area remains sparse, raising a child with some genetic disorders has been shown to adversely impact maternal health and family quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate such impacts in families with a child with the CDKL5 disorder, a newly recognised genetic disorder causing severe neurodevelopmental impairments and refractory epilepsy. Methods: Data were sourced from the International CDKL5 Disorder Database to which 192 families with a child with a pathogenic CDKL5 mutation had provided data by January 2016. The Short Form 12 Health Survey Version 2, yielding a Physical Component Summary and a Mental Component Summary score, was used to measure primary caregiver's wellbeing. The Beach Center Family Quality of Life Scale was used to measure family quality of life. Linear regression analyses were used to investigate relationships between child and family factors and the various subscale scores. Results: The median (range) age of the primary caregivers was 37.0 (24.6-63.7) years and of the children was 5.2 (0.2-34.1) years. The mean (SD) physical and mental component scores were 53.7 (8.6) and 41.9 (11.6), respectively. In mothers aged 25-54 years the mean mental but not the physical component score was lower than population norms. After covariate adjustment, caregivers with a tube-fed child had lower mean physical but higher mean mental component scores than those whose child fed orally (coefficient = -4.80 and 6.79; p = 0.009 and 0.012, respectively). Child sleep disturbances and financial hardship were negatively associated with the mental component score. The mean (SD) Beach Center Family Quality of Life score was 4.06 (0.66) and those who had used respite services had lower scores than those who had not across the subscales. Conclusions: Emotional wellbeing was considerably impaired in this caregiver population, and was particularly associated with increased severity of child sleep problems and family financial difficulties. Family quality of life was generally rated lowest in those using respite care extensively, suggesting that these families may be more burdened by daily caregiving

Increased Systemic Th17 Cytokines Are Associated with Diastolic Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents with Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diastolic dysfunction suggestive of diabetic cardiomyopathy is established in children with T1DM, but its pathogenesis is not well understood. We studied the relationships of systemic inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and cardiac function in 17 children with T1DM during and after correction of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Twenty seven of the 39 measured cytokines/chemokines were elevated at 6–12 hours into treatment of DKA compared to values after DKA resolution. Eight patients displayed at least one parameter of diastolic abnormality (DA) during acute DKA. Significant associations were present between nine of the cytokine/chemokine levels and the DA over time. Interestingly, four of these nine interactive cytokines (GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-12p40, IL-17) are associated with a Th17 mediated cell response. Both the DA and CCL7 and IL-12p40, had independent associations with African American patients. Thus, we report occurrence of a systemic inflammatory response and the presence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction in a subset of young T1DM patients during acute DKA