6. The 1960s

From David Moore – “I served as dean of the ILR School during the 1960s. This was a period that started in relative tranquility and ended in tumultuous disarray with students demonstrating, administrators trying to maintain control, and faculty worrying about traditional academic freedom and values.” Includes: Remembrances of Things Past – 1963-71; Creation of the Public Employment Relations Board; and Alumni Perspectives

Interação entre escola e família no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da criança: análise da revista brasileira de educação especial

This study analyzed how the theme "The Interaction between School and Family in the Process of Teaching and Learning of the Child" was approached in the Brazilian Journal of Special Education during the years 2007 to 2017. The study verified in the magazine for a period of ten years , date of publication, authorship, institutional affiliation, object of study and conclusions. However, other sources of analysis in the data collection were used to complement the approach of this subject. The methodology used was of a specific bibliographic character and of qualitative character, which verified that during ten years of publications of the Brazilian Journal of Special Education, only four articles were related to family and school. In addition, the results show that the relationship between school and family is of paramount importance, since the family as a guiding space, of the identity of an individual, must promote a partnership with the school in order to contribute to the integral development of the child and adolescent Therefore, the main focus of this relationship is to favor a participation that generates the commitment of the family to the learning and school success of the children in the regular school system, the participation of the school with the curricular insertion of the family and the community. This partnership will ultimately ensure full compliance with the school's social function. In this way, it is noticed that one depends on the other in the attempt to achieve the greater goal, that is, the better future for the child and educating and, automatically, for every society.Este trabalho analisou como o tema “A Interação entre Escola e Família no Processo de Ensino e Aprendizagem da criança”, foi abordado na Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial durante os anos de 2007 a 2017. O estudo verificou na revista por um período de dez anos, data de publicação, autoria, filiação institucional, objeto de estudo e conclusões. No entanto, outras fontes de análise na coleta de dados foram utilizadas para complementar a abordagem deste assunto. A metodologia utilizada foi de caráter bibliográfico específico e de cunho qualitativo a qual constatou que durante dez anos de publicações dos artigos da Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial, apenas quatro artigos estiveram relacionados a família e a escola. Além disso, os resultados revelam que a relação escola e família é de suma importância, pois a família como espaço de orientação, da identidade de um indivíduo deve promover juntamente com a escola uma parceria, a fim de contribuir no desenvolvimento integral da criança e do adolescente. Sendo assim, o foco principal dessa relação é favorecer uma participação que gere o compromisso da família com a aprendizagem e o sucesso escolar das crianças da rede regular de ensino, a participação da escola com a inserção curricular da família e da comunidade. Essa parceria assegurará, em última instância, o pleno cumprimento da função social da escola. Desse modo, nota-se que uma depende da outra na tentativa de alcançar o maior objetivo, qual seja, o melhor futuro para o filho e educando e, automaticamente, para toda sociedade

R375-87, and Pediatric Subunit United States Public Health Service (Bethesda, Maryland) grant MO1-RR0063

Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates to determine whether omega-3 (a>-3) fatty acids are essential for normal human retinal development. Eighty-one infants born at 30.4 (standard deviation, ±1.5) wk gestation were, within 10 d of birth, either enrolled to receive mother's milk (naturally containing both o>-6 and a>-3 essential fatty acids) or randomized to receive one of the infant formulas. Corn oil-based Formula A contained mainly linoleic acid (18:2 co-6) and was low in all co-3 fatty acids. Soy oil-based Formula B contained ample a-linolenic acid (18:3 a>-3) but no long-chain a>-3. Formula C, supplemented with both a-linolenic acid and marine oils, was comparable to human milk in long-chain co-3. Full-field ERGs were obtained in the special care nursery from infants aged 36 and 57 wk postconception. Ten healthy preterm infants born at 35 wk gestation were tested at 36 wk postconception. Significant differences were found among groups in rod ERG function. Post hoc comparisons showed that infants fed Formula A had significantly higher rod thresholds than infants receiving long-chain co-3 (human milk, Formula C, and intrauterine). Infants receiving Formula B had intermediate thresholds that were significantly higher than those of infants receiving intrauterine nutrition. Analysis of the leading edge of the a-wave showed that b-wave differences originated at the photoreceptor level. Differences were not present in infants at 57 wk postconception. No significant differences among groups were found in cone b-waves at 36 or 57 wk postconception. Oscillatory potentials had significantly longer implicit times at 57 wk postconception in infants fed Formula A than in infants receiving human milk. These findings suggest that retinal function varies with the dietary supply of co-3 fatty acids in VLBW infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33: [2365][2366][2367][2368][2369][2370][2371][2372][2373][2374][2375][2376]1992 Linoleic acid (18:2 00-6) and a-linolenic acid (18:3 a>-3) are considered essential fatty acids (EFAs) for humans because of our inability to synthesize them and the resulting deficiency syndromes when they are removed from the diet

R375-87, and Pediatric Subunit United States Public Health Service (Bethesda, Maryland) grant MO1-RR0063

Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonates to determine whether omega-3 (a>-3) fatty acids are essential for normal human retinal development. Eighty-one infants born at 30.4 (standard deviation, ±1.5) wk gestation were, within 10 d of birth, either enrolled to receive mother's milk (naturally containing both o>-6 and a>-3 essential fatty acids) or randomized to receive one of the infant formulas. Corn oil-based Formula A contained mainly linoleic acid (18:2 co-6) and was low in all co-3 fatty acids. Soy oil-based Formula B contained ample a-linolenic acid (18:3 a>-3) but no long-chain a>-3. Formula C, supplemented with both a-linolenic acid and marine oils, was comparable to human milk in long-chain co-3. Full-field ERGs were obtained in the special care nursery from infants aged 36 and 57 wk postconception. Ten healthy preterm infants born at 35 wk gestation were tested at 36 wk postconception. Significant differences were found among groups in rod ERG function. Post hoc comparisons showed that infants fed Formula A had significantly higher rod thresholds than infants receiving long-chain co-3 (human milk, Formula C, and intrauterine). Infants receiving Formula B had intermediate thresholds that were significantly higher than those of infants receiving intrauterine nutrition. Analysis of the leading edge of the a-wave showed that b-wave differences originated at the photoreceptor level. Differences were not present in infants at 57 wk postconception. No significant differences among groups were found in cone b-waves at 36 or 57 wk postconception. Oscillatory potentials had significantly longer implicit times at 57 wk postconception in infants fed Formula A than in infants receiving human milk. These findings suggest that retinal function varies with the dietary supply of co-3 fatty acids in VLBW infants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33: [2365][2366][2367][2368][2369][2370][2371][2372][2373][2374][2375][2376]1992 Linoleic acid (18:2 00-6) and a-linolenic acid (18:3 a>-3) are considered essential fatty acids (EFAs) for humans because of our inability to synthesize them and the resulting deficiency syndromes when they are removed from the diet

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Ranging Trial of Tafenoquine for Weekly Prophylaxis against \u3ci\u3ePlasmodium falciparum\u3c/i\u3e

Tafenoquine is a promising new 8-aminoquinoline drug that may be useful for malaria prophylaxis in nonpregnant persons with normal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) function. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled chemoprophylaxis trial was conducted with adult residents of northern Ghana to determine the minimum effective weekly dose of tafenoquine for the prevention of infection by Plasmodium falciparum. The primary end point was a positive malaria blood smear result during the 13 weeks of study drug coverage. Relative to the placebo, all 4 tafenoquine dosages demonstrated significant protection against P. falciparum infection: for 25 mg/week, protective efficacy was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20%–43%); for 50 mg/week, 84% (95% CI, 75%–91%); for 100 mg/week, 87% (95% CI, 78%–93%); and for 200 mg/week, 86% (95% CI, 76%–92%). The mefloquine dosage of 250 mg/week also demonstrated significant protection against P. falciparum infection (protective efficacy, 86%; 95% CI, 72%–93%). There was little difference between study groups in the adverse events reported, and there was no evidence of a relationship between tafenoquine dosage and reports of physical complaints or the occurrence of abnormal laboratory parameters. Tafenoquine dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/week were safe, well tolerated, and effective against P. falciparum infection in this study population

Complexity, cofactors, and the failure of AIDS policy in Africa

Global AIDS policy still treats HIV as an exceptional case, abstracting from the context in which infection occurs. Policy is based on a simplistic theory of HIV causation, and evaluated using outdated tools of health economics. Recent calls for a health systems strategy – preventing and treating HIV within a programme of comprehensive health care – have not yet influenced the silo approach of AIDS policy

Altered Immune Responses in Rhesus Macaques Co-Infected with SIV and Plasmodium cynomolgi: An Animal Model for Coincident AIDS and Relapsing Malaria

BACKGROUND:Dual epidemics of the malaria parasite Plasmodium and HIV-1 in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia present a significant risk for co-infection in these overlapping endemic regions. Recent studies of HIV/Plasmodium falciparum co-infection have reported significant interactions of these pathogens, including more rapid CD4+ T cell loss, increased viral load, increased immunosuppression, and increased episodes of clinical malaria. Here, we describe a novel rhesus macaque model for co-infection that supports and expands upon findings in human co-infection studies and can be used to identify interactions between these two pathogens. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Five rhesus macaques were infected with P. cynomolgi and, following three parasite relapses, with SIV. Compared to macaques infected with SIV alone, co-infected animals had, as a group, decreased survival time and more rapid declines in markers for SIV progression, including peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios. The naïve CD4+ T cell pool of the co-infected animals was depleted more rapidly than animals infected with SIV alone. The co-infected animals also failed to generate proliferative responses to parasitemia by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells while also having a less robust anti-parasite and altered anti-SIV antibody response. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:These data suggest that infection with both SIV and Plasmodium enhances SIV-induced disease progression and impairs the anti-Plasmodium immune response. These data support findings in HIV/Plasmodium co-infection studies. This animal model can be used to further define impacts of lentivirus and Plasmodium co-infection and guide public health and therapeutic interventions

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure