Review of \u3cem\u3eSocial Work in Rural Communities.\u3c/em\u3e Leon H. Ginsberg (Ed.). Reviewed by Marie D. Hoff, Boise State University.

Book review of Leon H. Ginsberg (Ed.). Social Work in Rural Communities. Council on Social Work Education: Alexandria, VA. 1998. $17.00 papercover

A systematic methodology for privacy impact assessments: a design science approach

For companies that develop and operate IT applications that process the personal data of customers and employees, a major problem is protecting these data and preventing privacy breaches. Failure to adequately address this problem can result in considerable damage to the company's reputation and finances, as well as negative effects for customers or employees (data subjects). To address this problem, we propose a methodology that systematically considers privacy issues by using a step-by-step privacy impact assessment (PIA). Existing PIA approaches cannot be applied easily because they are improperly structured or imprecise and lengthy. We argue that companies that employ our PIA can achieve "privacy-by-design", which is widely heralded by data protection authorities. In fact, the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) ratified the approach we present in this article for the technical field of RFID and published it as a guideline in November 2011. The contribution of the artefacts we created is twofold: First, we provide a formal problem representation structure for the analysis of privacy requirements. Second, we reduce the complexity of the privacy regulation landscape for practitioners who need to make privacy management decisions for their IT applications

L1 use in EFL instruction

Målet med denne kvalitative studien er å undersøke hvordan norsk som førstespråk (L1) brukes i engelskundervisning på ungdomsskolen og i videregående skole, og samtidig finne ut hva som forårsaker variasjonen i L1-bruk. Undersøkelsen er basert på observasjoner og halv-strukturerte intervju med seks lærere fra 8. trinn og fra VG3. L1 blir undersøkt både i forhold til hvor mye det brukes og i hvilke situasjoner det blir brukt i. Debatten om L1-bruk i EFL-undervisning er delt i to, mellom de som forsvarer L1-bruk og de som forsvarer konsekvent L2-bruk, og dette danner grunnlaget for det teoretiske grunnlaget, i kombinasjon med språklæringstilnærminger som Krashen’s comprehensible input og begrepet “scaffolding” (støttende undervisning). L1-bruken som ble observert ble registrert og kodet i analyseprosessen, mens intervjuene ga en dypere forståelse av de eventuelle forklarende årsakene til lærerens L1-bruk. Funnene fra de to forskjellige nivåene ble deretter sammenlignet med hverandre. Funnene fra denne undersøkelsen indikerer at det er variasjon både i forhold til mengden av L1 som ble brukt og i hvilke situasjoner L1 brukes i. L1-bruken varierer uavhengig av nivå, og det kan virke som faktorer som påvirker lærerens bruk er knyttet til en kombinasjon av deres faglige nivå, deres holdning til L1/L2, deres evne til å justere L2 i undervisning og lærerens opplevelse av studentenes forståelse. Videre varierer L1-bruken i forhold til elevenes faglige nivå og modenhet. Dette gjenspeiles i den utbredte L1-bruken på 8. trinn sammenlignet med den begrensede L1-bruken på VG3-nivået. I diskusjonen argumenterer jeg for at en kritisk og gjennomtenkt bruk av L1 i EFL-undervisning, uavhengig av holdning og nivå, er avgjørende for læringsutbyttet

To Survive And To Thrive: Integrating Services For The Homeless Mentally Ill

An intervention research project with homeless, chronically mentally ill persons demonstrated that linking rehabilitation services, such as employment skills and psycho-social stabilization, with survival services promotes success in serving this population. The project confirmed the central role of case managers in promoting engagement with mental health services and re-integration into stable community living

Fluorescence optical imaging for treatment monitoring in patients with early and active rheumatoid arthritis in a 1-year follow-up period

BACKGROUND: Fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) enables visualization of inflammation in the hands in rheumatic joint diseases with currently a lack of long-term follow-up studies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate FOI for treatment monitoring in a homogenous cohort of patients with early (disease duration  3.2) RA over a period of 12 months. METHODS: Thirty-five RA patients (24 (68.6%) females, mean age 53.3 years (SD 13.6)) were investigated clinically by DAS28, tender joint count (TJC) and swollen joint count (SJC) and by FOI in phases 1-3 and PrimaVistaMode (PVM) before therapy change and after 12 months. The FOI activity score (FOIAS) was calculated based on individual joint scores from 0 to 3 in 30 joints per patient, adding up to a sum score (0-90). RESULTS: We found a statistically significant reduction of FOIAS in phase 1 from baseline (median 5.0, IQR 24.96) to follow-up (median 1.0, IQR 4.0) in all patients (p = 0.0045), both in responders and non-responders according to EULAR response criteria by DAS28. Statistically significant reductions over 12 months were found for median DAS28(ESR) 5.61 to 3.31, TJC 7.0 to 1.0, and SJC 5.0 to 1.0 (each p <  0.001). No statistically significant correlations were detected between the FOIAS change in phase 1 and DAS28(ESR), TJC, or SJC. Correlations between the other phases and clinical outcomes were weak to moderate. CONCLUSION: Reduced early enhancement in FOI phase 1 can be observed in clinically responding and non-responding early RA patients under treatment. Regarding potential marker performance, FOI probably shows a reduction of inflammation more objectively

"Alt rett - Alltid"

Prosjektet handler om sykepleiere, vernepleiere og sykepleier- og vernepleierstudenter sine oppfatninger av medikamenthåndtering og da spesielt medikamentregning i klinisk praksis. Hensikten med prosjektet var at studenter og praksisveiledere skulle føle seg sikre på medikamenthåndtering, spesielt medikamentregning. Ved å gi mer trygghet i medikamenthåndtering og gi mer fokus på medikamentregning slik at feil i medikamenthåndtering kan unngås, sikres pasienten fra å bli utsatt for uforsvarlig praksis. Fokusgruppeintervjuer ble gjennomført med praksisveiledere – sykepleiere og vernepleiere, og sykepleier- og vernepleierstudenter. Funnene fra studien viser at fokus på medikamentregning i praksis ikke er så stort. Respondentene tenker ofte ikke på at de utfører medikamentregning. I sykehuset er det utviklet en E-læringsportal. E-læringsportalen ses på som et nyttig verktøy for å friske opp medikamenthåndteringskunnskaper. Oppfriskningskurs i medikamentregning ble gjennomført for alle praksisveiledere i forkant av prosjektet. Dette medførte at praksisveiledere kunne gjøre bruk av samme utregningsmåter som studentene lærer i skolen. Gjennom prosjektet har vi sett at både studenter og praksisveiledere synes medikamenthåndtering/medikamentregning er et svært viktig fagområde, og at det burde være mer fokus på håndtering av legemidler både i skolen og i klinisk praksis. Studentene er enige om at det bør være flere tester i skolen i medikamentregning for å holde kunnskapen ved like. For praksisveilederne etterlyses oppfriskningskurs med jevne mellomrom

Correlation of Various Heart Rate Measures and Borg CR10 Ratings within the First Five Minutes of Moderate- and Vigorous-Intensity Exercise

Aerobic exercise is a crucial component of an individual’s health regimen. Target heart rate (HR), using HR, percentage of maximum HR, or percentage of HR reserve offers an objective manner to gauge exercise intensity. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using either the traditional or modified scale (Borg CR10) offer a subjective option for measuring individual exercise intensity. The purpose of this research study was to investigate the relationship of various HR measures with subjective report of exercise intensity via the Borg CR10 scale during the first five minutes of exercise geared towards moderate and vigorous intensity. Thirty-four college-aged participants completed two rounds of graded exercise on the PhysioCycle while HR was assessed via HR sensors. Heart rate and Borg CR10 values were obtained at each minute of exercise. Concerning results, there was a weak, positive correlation between HR and Borg CR10 (r = 0.27, p=.003) during exercise to moderate intensity and a strong, positive correlation between HR and Borg CR10 (r = 0.60,

Optimising the reproducibility of measurements of the post-IR IRSL signal from single-grains of K-feldspar for dating.

Achieving good environmental status in the Baltic Sea region requires decision support tools which are based on scientific knowledge across multiple disciplines. Such tools should integrate the complexity of the ecosystem and enable exploration of different natural and anthropogenic pressures such as climate change, eutrophication and fishing pressures in order to compare alternative management strategies. We present a new framework, with a Baltic implementation of the spatially-explicit end-to-end Atlantis ecosystem model linked to two external models, to explore the different pressures on the marine ecosystem. The HBM-ERGOM initializes the Atlantis model with high-resolution physical-chemical-biological and hydrodynamic information while the FISHRENT model analyses the fisheries economics of the output of commercial fish biomass for the Atlantis terminal projection year. The Baltic Atlantis model composes 29 sub-areas, 9 vertical layers and 30 biological functional groups. The balanced calibration provides realistic levels of biomass for, among others, known stock sizes of top predators and of key fish species. Furthermore, it gives realistic levels of phytoplankton biomass and shows reasonable diet compositions and geographical distribution patterns for the functional groups. By simulating several scenarios of nutrient load reductions on the ecosystem and testing sensitivity to different fishing pressures, we show that the model is sensitive to those changes and capable of evaluating the impacts on different trophic levels, fish stocks, and fisheries associated with changed benthic oxygen conditions. We conclude that the Baltic Atlantis forms an initial basis for strategic management evaluation suited for conducting medium to long term ecosystem assessments which are of importance for a number of pan-Baltic stakeholders in relation to anthropogenic pressures such as eutrophication, climate change and fishing pressure, as well as changed biological interactions between functional groups

The dynamics of immune responses to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>during different stages of natural infection:A longitudinal study among Greenlanders

OBJECTIVE:Understanding human immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during different stages of infection is important for development of an effective tuberculosis (TB) vaccine. We aimed to evaluate immunity to Mtb infection by measuring immune responses to selected Mtb antigens expressed during different stages of infection over time and to observe sustainability of immunity. METHODS:In a cohort study comprising East Greenlanders aged 17-22 years (2012 to 2014) who had either; undetectable Mtb infection, ongoing or prior Mtb infection at enrolment, we measured immunity to 15 antigens over a one-year period. Quantiferon-TB Gold testing (QFT) defined Mtb infection status (undetected/detected). The eligible study population of East Greenlanders aged 17-22 years was identified from the entire population using the Civil Registration System. From the source population 65 participants were selected by stratified random sampling according to information on Mtb infection stage. Retrospective and prospective information on notified TB (including treatment) was obtained through the mandatory TB notification system and was used to characterise Mtb infection stage (ongoing/prior). Immunity to 15 antigens including two QFT antigens, PPD and 12 non-QFT antigens (representing early, constitutive and latent Mtb infection) was assessed by measuring immune responses using whole-blood antigen stimulation and interferon gamma measurement. RESULTS:Of 65 participants, 54 were considered Mtb-infected. Immunity to Mtb infection fluctuated with high annual risk of conversion (range: 6-69%) and reversion (range: 5-95%). During follow-up, five (8%) participants were notified with TB; neither conversion nor reversion was associated with an increased risk of progressing to TB. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings suggest that human immunity to natural Mtb infection over time is versatile with fluctuations, resulting in high levels of conversion and reversion of immunity, thus human immunity to Mtb is much more dynamic than anticipated. The study findings suggest future use of longitudinal assessment of immune responses when searching for TB vaccine candidate antigens