Cardiomyocyte-Specific Human Bcl2-Associated Anthanogene 3 P209L Expression Induces Mitochondrial Fragmentation, Bcl2-Associated Anthanogene 3 Haploinsufficiency, and Activates p38 Signaling

Supplemental Data Supplemental Table S1 Download Supplemental Table S2 Download Supplemental Table S3 Download Supplemental Table S4 Download Supplemental Data Supplemental material for this article can be found at . The Bcl2-associated anthanogene (BAG) 3 protein is a member of the BAG family of cochaperones, which supports multiple critical cellular processes, including critical structural roles supporting desmin and interactions with heat shock proteins and ubiquitin ligases intimately involved in protein quality control. The missense mutation P209L in exon 3 results in a primarily cardiac phenotype leading to skeletal muscle and cardiac complications. At least 10 other Bag3 mutations have been reported, nine resulting in a dilated cardiomyopathy for which no specific therapy is available. We generated αMHC-human Bag3 P209L transgenic mice and characterized the progressive cardiac phenotype in vivo to investigate its utility in modeling human disease, understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, and identify potential therapeutic targets. We identified a progressive heart failure by echocardiography and Doppler analysis and the presence of pre-amyloid oligomers at 1 year. Paralleling the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (eg, Parkinson disease), pre-amyloid oligomers–associated alterations in cardiac mitochondrial dynamics, haploinsufficiency of wild-type BAG3, and activation of p38 signaling were identified. Unexpectedly, increased numbers of activated cardiac fibroblasts were identified in Bag3 P209L Tg+ hearts without increased fibrosis. Together, these findings point to a previously undescribed therapeutic target that may have application to mutation-induced myofibrillar myopathies as well as other common causes of heart failure that commonly harbor misfolded proteins

BAG3 Directly Interacts with Mutated alphaB-Crystallin to Suppress Its Aggregation and Toxicity

A homozygous disruption or genetic mutation of the bag3 gene causes progressive myofibrillar myopathy in mouse and human skeletal and cardiac muscle disorder while mutations in the small heat shock protein aB-crystallin gene (CRYAB) are reported to be responsible for myofibrillar myopathy. Here, we demonstrate that BAG3 directly binds to wild-type aBcrystallin and the aB-crystallin mutant R120G, via the intermediate domain of BAG3. Peptides that inhibit this interaction in an in vitro binding assay indicate that two conserved Ile-Pro-Val regions of BAG3 are involved in the interaction with aBcrystallin, which is similar to results showing BAG3 binding to HspB8 and HspB6. BAG3 overexpression increased aBcrystallin R120G solubility and inhibited its intracellular aggregation in HEK293 cells. BAG3 suppressed cell death induced by aB-crystallin R120G overexpression in differentiating C2C12 mouse myoblast cells. Our findings indicate a novel function for BAG3 in inhibiting protein aggregation caused by the genetic mutation of CRYAB responsible for human myofibrillar myopathy

BAG3 binds αB-crystallin directly through BAG3 intermediate region.

<p>(A) <i>BAG3 interacts with αB-crystallin in rat cardiomyocytes</i>. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from rat hearts, and Flag-tagged BAG3 was expressed using adenovirus. Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody, and the sample was applied to SDS-PAGE. Anti-αB-crystallin antibody was used to detect αB-crystallin. The same membrane was blotted with anti-Hsc70 and anti-αActinin antibody for a positive and negative control, respectively. No actinin interacting was observed (negative control). (B) <i>Schematic representation of the primary structure of wild-type BAG3 and its mutants</i>. The BAG3ΔC construct lacks the BAG domain. The BAG3 intermediate domain and amino acids from 87–101 and from 200 to 213 are deleted in BAG3ΔM1 and BAG3ΔM2, respectively. Amino acid sequences between residues 87–101 and 200–213 are shown. (C) <i>Co-precipitation of αB-crystallin and BAG3</i>. Flag-tagged BAG3 or mutants were expressed with αB-crystallin in HEK293 cells, and cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody. αB-crystallin was detected with anti-αB-crystallin antibody. Anti-Hsc70 antibody was used to detect Hsc70 precipitation with BAG3. The cell extracts were also applied to an immunoblotting assay to verify expression. (D) <i>BAG3 interacts with αB-crystallin via amino acids 87–101 and 200–213</i>. His-tagged BAG3 or BAG3M2 was expressed with αB-crystallin in HEK293 cells, and BAG3 was precipitated with anti-His antibody. Co-precipitated αB-crystallin was detected with anti-αB-crystallin antibody (upper panel). The same membrane was blotted with anti-His antibody (bottom panel). (E) <i>Direct interaction of BAG3 with αB-crystallin</i>. Left panel: GST protein fused to BAG3 was expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i>, and purified fusion proteins were incubated with purified αB-crystallin, followed by precipitation with GSH beads. After SDS-PAGE, αB-crystallin was detected using anti-αB-crystallin antibody. Right panel: GST fusion proteins used in the experiment were visualized with CBB staining to verify the quality and quantity. <i>(F) Competition assay with peptides</i>. Purified GST or GST-BAG3 was incubated with purified αB-crystallin in the presence or absence of peptides corresponding to amino acids 87–101 or 200–213 of BAG3 at indicated concentrations. The precipitated samples with GSH beads were loaded onto SDS-PAGE, followed by an immunoblotting assay using anti-αB-crystallin antibody.</p

Overexpression of BAG3 suppresses aggregation of mutant αB-crystallin and increases its solubility.

<p>(A) <i>Aggregation of mutant αB-crystallin is cleared by BAG3.</i> HEK293 cells were transfected with plasmids for wild type or mutant αB-crystallin with or without Flag-tagged BAG3. Two days later, cells were fixed and αB-crystallin and Flag-tagged BAG3 were stained with anti-αB-crystallin antibody (red in color images) and Flag-antibody (green in color images), respectively. Merged images are also shown (Merge). (B) <i>BAG3 cleared aggregation caused by αB-crystallin mutant.</i> After staining of αB-crystallin, the number of cells containing αB-crystallin aggregation were counted and statistically analyzed. The Y-axis indicates the percentage of cells displaying αB-crystallin aggregation. <i>(C) BAG3 increases stability of mutant type of αB-crystallin in HEK293 cells.</i> HEK293 cells were cultured in a 24-well dish and plasmids for αB-crystallin wild type (WT) or mutant (R120G) were transfected (0.2 µg each) with or without the plasmid for Flag-tagged BAG3. The amount of BAG3 plasmid was increased gradually (0.05, 0.15, and 0.3 µg). After two days, cells were lysed in lysis buffer A (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 2% SDS, 10 mM NaF, 2 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM PMSF, and 1∶50 protease inhibitor cocktail), and sonicated. The sample was loaded onto SDS-PAGE, and an immunoblotting assay performed with anti-αB-crystallin (first panel), Flag (second panel), and actin antibody (third panel). GFP plasmid was transfected together to monitor transfection efficiency, and detected with anti-GFP antibody (bottom panel). <i>(D) BAG3 increases solubility of mutant type of αB-crystallin in HEK293 cells.</i> The same set of transfections described above in “C” were done, but lysis buffer B was used instead of lysis buffer A (lysis buffer B; 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.001% Tween-20, 10 mM NaF, 2 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM PMSF, and 1∶50 protease inhibitor cocktail). After homogenization, the sample was transferred to a tube, and centrifuged at 14,000×g for 15 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant was transferred to a new tube to represent the soluble fraction. The samples were subjected to an immunoblotting assay to detect αB-crystallin (first panel), Flag-tagged BAG3 (second panel), actin (third panel), and GFP (last panel). (E) <i>BAG3 clears aggregation of mutant αB-crystallin independent with Hsc70.</i> HEK293 cells were transfected with indicated plasmids, and cultured for two days. Panel #1 (upper three panel): wild type αB-crystallin+pcDNA3 empty vector (mock). Panel #2–7 represents transfectants of αB-crystallin R120G mutant with plasmid indicated at the left of each three panels. After fixation, αB-crystallin (αBCry) and Flag-tagged proteins were stained with anti-αB-crystallin antibody (red in color images) and Flag-antibody (green in color images), respectively. Merged images are also shown (Merge). The number of cells containing αB-crystallin R120G aggregation were counted and statistically analyzed. The percentage of cells displaying αB-crystallin aggregation is shown in the right panel. (F) <i>Expression of Hsc70 and BAG3 proteins in HEK293 cells used above.</i> HEK293 cells were transfected with plasmids for αB-crystallin with or without Flag-BAG3 or Flag-Hsc70. Two days later, cells were lysed for western blotting. The expression levels of Hsc70 and BAG3 proteins in HEK293 cells were verified using anti-Hsc70 antibody (Hsc70), anti-BAG3 antibody (BAG3), and anti-Flag antibody (Flag). Actin was used as a loading control (actin). Hsc70 antibody detected endogenous Hsc70 as shown at the left three lanes in the second panel and overexpressed Flag tagged Hsc70 with endogenous protein at the right three lanes. Flag antibody detected BAG3FL (2 and 5 lane), BAG3▵C (3 and 6 lane) and Hsc70 (4, 5 and 6 lane).</p

BAG3 recognizes folding status of αB-crystallin.

<p><i>(A) BAG3 binds to mutant type of αB-crystallin strongly.</i> Wild type (WT) or mutant (R120G) αB-crystallin was expressed in HEK293 cells with Flag-tagged BAG3, and the cell lysate was mixed with anti-Flag antibody. Precipitated samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE using anti-αB-crystallin (upper panel), Flag-tagged BAG3 (middle panel), and actin (lower panel). The sample before immunoprecipitation was also loaded to confirm protein expression (right four lanes). <i>(B) Direct recognition of mutant αB-crystallin by BAG3.</i> Purified GST or GST-fused BAG3 beads were incubated with purified αB-crystallin wild type (WT) or mutant (R120G), and a pull-down assay was performed. Precipitated αB-crystallin was detected with anti-αB-crystallin antibody (upper panel). The same membrane stained with Ponceau is shown below. <i>Mutated αB-crystallin preferentially binds to BAG3.</i> Purified GST, GST-fused αB-crystallin wild type (WT) or mutant (R120G) was mixed with purified BAG3 for a pull-down assay. The detection of BAG3 was achieved with anti-BAG3 antibody after SDS-PAGE. The same membrane was stained with Ponceau (lower panel).</p

BAG3 attenuates the toxicity of mutant αB-crystallin.

<p><i>BAG3 inhibits apoptosis caused by αB-crystallin mutant in C2C12 cells</i>. <i>α</i>B-crystallin wild type or R120G was expressed with or without Flag-tagged BAG3 in C2C12 myoblast cells, and cells were cultured with differentiation media to induce myotube differentiation. After fixing cells, αB-crystallin and cell nuclei were stained with anti-αB-crystallin antibody and Dapi solution, respectively. Cells with nuclear fragmentation typical of apoptosis were counted and statistically analyzed.</p

Cardiomyocyte-Specific Human Bcl2-Associated Anthanogene 3 P209L Expression Induces Mitochondrial Fragmentation, Bcl2-Associated Anthanogene 3 Haploinsufficiency, and Activates p38 Signaling

The Bcl2-associated anthanogene (BAG) 3 protein is a member of the BAG family of cochaperones, which supports multiple critical cellular processes, including critical structural roles supporting desmin and interactions with heat shock proteins and ubiquitin ligases intimately involved in protein quality control. The missense mutation P209L in exon 3 results in a primarily cardiac phenotype leading to skeletal muscle and cardiac complications. At least 10 other Bag3 mutations have been reported, nine resulting in a dilated cardiomyopathy for which no specific therapy is available. We generated αMHC-human Bag3 P209L transgenic mice and characterized the progressive cardiac phenotype in vivo to investigate its utility in modeling human disease, understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, and identify potential therapeutic targets. We identified a progressive heart failure by echocardiography and Doppler analysis and the presence of pre-amyloid oligomers at 1 year. Paralleling the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (eg, Parkinson disease), pre-amyloid oligomers–associated alterations in cardiac mitochondrial dynamics, haploinsufficiency of wild-type BAG3, and activation of p38 signaling were identified. Unexpectedly, increased numbers of activated cardiac fibroblasts were identified in Bag3 P209L Tg+ hearts without increased fibrosis. Together, these findings point to a previously undescribed therapeutic target that may have application to mutation-induced myofibrillar myopathies as well as other common causes of heart failure that commonly harbor misfolded proteins