225 research outputs found
A Model For the Formation of High Density Clumps in Proto-Planetary Nebulae
The detection of NaCl at large radii in the Egg Nebula, CRL 2688, requires
densities of 10^7 - 10^8 cm^-3 in a thick shell of r ~ a few X 10^17 cm. To
explain these results, a mechanism is needed for producing high densities at a
considerable distance from the central star. In two dimensional simulations of
the interaction of the fast wind with an ambient medium, the material becomes
thermally unstable. The resulting clumps can achieve the requisite conditions
for NaCl excitation. We present 2D models with simple physics as
proof-of-principle calculations to show that the clumping behavior is robust.
Clumping is a natural outcome of cooling in the colliding wind model and
comparable to that inferred from observations.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical
Journal Letter
Gas phase atomic metals in the circumstellar envelope of IRC+10216
We report the results of a search for gas phase atomic metals in the
circumstellar envelope of the AGB carbon star IRC+10216. The search was made
using high resolution (R=50000) optical absorption spectroscopy of a backgound
star that probes the envelope on a line of sight 35" from the center. The metal
species that we detect in the envelope include NaI, KI, CaI, CaII, CrI, and
FeI, with upper limits for AlI, MnI, TiI, TiII, and SrII. The observations are
used to determine the metal abundances in the gas phase and the condensation
onto grains. The metal depletions range from a factor of 5 for Na to 300 for
Ca, with some similarity to the depletion pattern in interstellar clouds. Our
results directly constrain the condensation efficiency of metals in a
carbon-rich circumstellar envelope and the mix of solid and gas phase metals
returned by the star to the ISM. The abundances of the uncondensed metal atoms
that we observe are typically larger than the abundances of the metal-bearing
molecules detected in the envelope. The metal atoms are therefore the major
metal species in the gas phase and likely play a key role in the metal
chemistry.Comment: 11 pages, 8 Figures. Accepted by Astronomy and Astrophysic
Density-enhanced gas and dust shells in a new chemical model for IRC+10216
A new chemical model is presented for the carbon-rich circumstellar envelope
of the AGB star IRC+10216. The model includes shells of matter with densities
that are enhanced relative to the surrounding circumstellar medium. The
chemical model uses an updated reaction network including reactions from the
RATE06 database and a more detailed anion chemistry. In particular, new
mechanisms are considered for the formation of CN-, C3N- and C2H-, and for the
reactions of hydrocarbon anions with atomic nitrogen and with the most abundant
cations in the circumstellar envelope. New reactions involving H- are included
which result in the production of significant amounts of C2H- and CN- in the
inner envelope. The calculated radial molecular abundance profiles for the
hydrocarbons C2H, C4H and C6H and the cyanopolyynes HC3N and HC5N show narrow
peaks which are in better agreement with observations than previous models.
Thus, the narrow rings observed in molecular microwave emission surrounding
IRC+10216 are interpreted as arising in regions of the envelope where the gas
and dust densities are greater than the surrounding circumstellar medium. Our
models show that CN- and C2H- may be detectable in IRC+10216 despite the very
low theorised radiative electron attachment rates of their parent neutral
species. We also show that magnesium isocyanide (MgNC) can be formed in the
outer envelope through radiative association involving Mg+ and the cyanopolyyne
species.Comment: Accepted for publication in May 2009 edition of Ap
Perspective from a Younger Generation -- The Astro-Spectroscopy of Gisbert Winnewisser
Gisbert Winnewisser's astronomical career was practically coextensive with
the whole development of molecular radio astronomy. Here I would like to pick
out a few of his many contributions, which I, personally, find particularly
interesting and put them in the context of newer results.Comment: 14 pages. (Co)authored by members of the MPIfR (Sub)millimeter
Astronomy Group. To appear in the Proceedings of the 4th
Cologne-Bonn-Zermatt-Symposium "The Dense Interstellar Medium in Galaxies"
eds. S. Pfalzner, C. Kramer, C. Straubmeier, & A. Heithausen (Springer:
Berlin
Submillimeter narrow emission lines from the inner envelope of IRC+10216
A spectral-line survey of IRC+10216 in the 345 GHz band has been undertaken
with the Submillimeter Array. Although not yet completed, it has already
yielded a fairly large sample of narrow molecular emission lines with
line-widths indicating expansion velocities of ~4 km/s, less than 3 times the
well-known value of the terminal expansion velocity (14.5 km/s) of the outer
envelope. Five of these narrow lines have now been identified as rotational
transitions in vibrationally excited states of previously detected molecules:
the v=1, J=17--16 and J=19--18 lines of Si34S and 29SiS and the v=2, J=7--6
line of CS. Maps of these lines show that the emission is confined to a region
within ~60 AU of the star, indicating that the narrow-line emission is probing
the region of dust-formation where the stellar wind is still being accelerated.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in Ap
Molecular excitation in the Interstellar Medium: recent advances in collisional, radiative and chemical processes
We review the different excitation processes in the interstellar mediumComment: Accepted in Chem. Re
Maternal restrictive feeding and eating in the absence of hunger among toddlers: a cohort study
Abstract
Background
Restrictive feeding by parents has been associated with greater eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) among children, a risk factor for obesity. However, few studies have examined the association between restrictive feeding and EAH longitudinally, raising questions regarding the direction of associations between restrictive feeding and child EAH. Our objective was to examine the bidirectional prospective associations between restrictive feeding and EAH among toddlers.
Methods
Low-income mother-child dyads (nâ=â229) participated when children were 21, 27, and 33Â months old. Restriction with regard to food amount and food quality were measured with the Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire. EAH was measured as kilocalories of food children consumed after a satiating meal. A cross-lagged analysis adjusting for child sex and weight-for-length z-score was used to simultaneously test cross-sectional and bidirectional prospective associations between each type of restriction and childrenâs EAH.
Results
At 21Â months, mothers of children with greater EAH reported higher restriction with regard to food amount (bâ=â0.17, pâ<â.05). Restriction with regard to food amount at age 21Â months was inversely associated with EAH at 27Â months (bâ=ââ0.20, pâ<â.05). Restriction with regard to food amount at 27Â months was not associated with EAH at 33Â months and restriction with regard to food quality was not associated with EAH. EAH did not prospectively predict maternal restriction.
Conclusions
Neither restriction with regard to food amount nor food quality increased risk for EAH among toddlers. Current US clinical practice recommendations for parents to avoid restrictive feeding, and the potential utility of restrictive feeding with regard to food amount in early toddlerhood, deserve further consideration.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140394/1/12966_2017_Article_630.pd
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