Seasonal and short-term variation in denitrification and anammox at a coastal station on the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea

Benthic processes were measured at a coastal deposition area in the northern Baltic Sea, covering all seasons. The N-2 production rates, 90-400 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), were highest in autumn-early winter and lowest in spring. Heterotrophic bacterial production peaked unexpectedly late in the year, indicating that in addition to the temperature, the availability of carbon compounds suitable for the heterotrophic bacteria also plays a major role in regulating the denitrification rate. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) was measured in spring and autumn and contributed 10% and 15%, respectively, to the total N-2 production. The low percentage did, however, result in a significant error in the total N-2 production rate estimate, calculated using the isotope pairing technique. Anammox must be taken into account in the Gulf of Finland in future sediment nitrogen cycling research.Benthic processes were measured at a coastal deposition area in the northern Baltic Sea, covering all seasons. The N-2 production rates, 90-400 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), were highest in autumn-early winter and lowest in spring. Heterotrophic bacterial production peaked unexpectedly late in the year, indicating that in addition to the temperature, the availability of carbon compounds suitable for the heterotrophic bacteria also plays a major role in regulating the denitrification rate. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) was measured in spring and autumn and contributed 10% and 15%, respectively, to the total N-2 production. The low percentage did, however, result in a significant error in the total N-2 production rate estimate, calculated using the isotope pairing technique. Anammox must be taken into account in the Gulf of Finland in future sediment nitrogen cycling research.Benthic processes were measured at a coastal deposition area in the northern Baltic Sea, covering all seasons. The N-2 production rates, 90-400 mu mol N m(-2) d(-1), were highest in autumn-early winter and lowest in spring. Heterotrophic bacterial production peaked unexpectedly late in the year, indicating that in addition to the temperature, the availability of carbon compounds suitable for the heterotrophic bacteria also plays a major role in regulating the denitrification rate. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) was measured in spring and autumn and contributed 10% and 15%, respectively, to the total N-2 production. The low percentage did, however, result in a significant error in the total N-2 production rate estimate, calculated using the isotope pairing technique. Anammox must be taken into account in the Gulf of Finland in future sediment nitrogen cycling research.Peer reviewe

Kommunikointi aikuisen intubiodun tehohoitopotilaan kanssa : ICU competence -projektin virtuaalisen koulutusohjelman sisällön kehittäminen

Tehohoito-osastolla yleisin hoitomuoto on akuutin tai leikkauksen jälkeisen hengitysvajauksen hoito hengityskoneessa. Hoidon tarkoitus on hallitulla hapen annolla turvata potilaan elintoiminnot ja hapensaanti intuboimalla potilas. Intubaatio estää potilaan normaalin kommunikoimisen. Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena on kartoittaa tietoa sairaanhoitajan ja intuboidun potilaan kommunikoinnista ja kommunikoinnin tukena käytettävistä menetelmistä sekä apuvälineistä. Opinnäytetyö tulee osaksi ICU competence -hanketta. Työ on toteutettu soveltaen systemaattista kirjallisuuskatsausta ja siinä käytettyjen analysoitujen julkaisujen määrä on 12 (=n). Sairastuminen tai tehohoitoon joutuminen on potilaalle stressaava tapahtuma. Intuboidulla potilaalla stressiä lisää verbaalisen kommunikoinnin puuttuminen. Kommunikoitaessa intuboidun potilaan kanssa on tärkeää huolehtia tilanteiden ja toimenpiteiden kiireettömyydestä, sekä huomioida potilaan vireystila. Intuboitu potilas kokee tärkeäksi hoitajan läsnäolon, hoitajan viestinnässä käyttämien kysymysten yksinkertaisuuden, katse- ja fyysisen kontaktin saamisen sekä hoitoon osallistamisen. Intuboidulle potilaalle on tärkeää tulla ymmärretyksi, koska potilas ei pysty puhumaan. Suurin osa intuboiduista potilaista kokee kommunikoinnin haastavaksi ja turhauttavaksi. Kommunikoinnin tekee haastavaksi potilaalle vaihteleva vireystila, tehohoidossa käytössä olevat laitteet ja mittarit, sekä vaihtoehtoisten kommunikointimenetelmien vähyys. Potilaan turhautumista aiheuttaa kommunikointiyritysten epäonnistuminen, hoitajien kommunikoimattomuus potilaan kanssa ja potilaan toiveiden huomiotta jättäminen. Kommunikointia intuboidun potilaan kanssa voidaan helpottaa sovituin menetelmin. Yleisimmin käytetty menetelmä on eleiden käyttö. Apuvälineinä voidaan käyttää puhetta korvaavia manuaalisia, graafisia ja kosketeltavia apuvälineitä. Kommunikoinnin toteutuminen potilaan kanssa on vahvasti hoitajalähtöistä. Hoitohenkilökunnan aktiivinen ote kommunikoinnin edistämiseksi intuboidun potilaan kanssa on merkittävästi sidoksissa potilaan positiivisiin kokemuksiin viestinnän toteutumisesta.The most common form of treatment in the intensive care unit is mechanical ventilation that is used to treat acute or postoperative respiratory failure. The basis of the treatment is to secure the patients vital functions and air supply with intubation and controlled oxygen delivery. Intubation decreases the patient’s ability to communicate normally. The purpose of this thesis was to gather information about communication between nurses and intubated patient as well as about the alternative methods and devises used to improve the communication. This thesis is part of the ICU competence project and was done as a applied literature review. The review consists twelve (n=12) analyzed studies. Getting ill and being admitted to the ICU are stressful experiences for the patient. For an intubated patient the stress is amplified by not being able to communicate verbally. While communicating with an intubated patient it is important to consider patients vitality and make sure that situations and procedures are not rushed. For an intubated patient eye and physical contact and participating in ones care is important as is for the nurses to be present and while verbally communicating with the patient to ask short and simple questions. It is important for the intubated patient to be understood. Not being able to speak and having difficulty in communicating often causes the patient anxiety and frustration. Communication is difficult for the intubated patient because of fluctuating alertness and the lack of alternative communication methods. Patients frustration is often caused by the communication failures and being ignored by the nurses. Communication with an intubated patient can be promoted through mutually agreed methods, like facial expressions, hand squeezing, pen and paper and electronic voice output. Communication with an intubated patient is mostly nurse-initiated, and nurses active approach to promote communication with intubated patients is significantly linked to the patient's positive experiences with the implementation of communications

How is Culture Translated in the Bible? A Comparison of Translation Strategies in King James Version and Christian Standard Bible

Bakgrunden till studien var problematiken med en uppfattning om att den enda godtagbara bibelöversättningen är en ordagrann översättning av grundtexten. Målsättningen för undersökningen var att ta reda på vilka översättningsstrategier översättarna till två engelska bibelöversättningar, King James Version (KJV) och Christian Standard Bible (CSB), har använt och hur de i översättningen har förklarat vissa kulturella fenomen. Studien har gjorts genom en jämförelse av Markusevangeliet och första Korintierbrevet i de två översättningarna och skillnaderna mellan de olika versionerna har sedan analyserats med hjälp av ordböcker och en interlineär engelsk-grekisk Bibel. De teoretiska koncepten består av återöversättning, ekvivalens (motsvarighet) i översättning, och läsbarhet såväl som av domesticering och exotisering. Eftersom Bibelns översättningshistoria är lång är återöversättning relevant. Inom återöversättningen finns en hypotes som säger att den första översättningen är domesticerande och därpå följande översättningar är exotiserande. Denna hypotes bekräftades i denna studie eftersom den tidigare översättningen KJV huvudsakligen är domesticerande och CSB huvudsakligen är exotiserande. Slutsatsen av studien är att CSB huvudsakligen valt att exotisera kulturella betingelser, valuta och kläder, medan de valt att domesticera tidsuttryck. KJV har å sin sida valt att domesticera kulturella betingelser, valuta och kläder medan tidsuttrycken är exotiserade. CSB har också valt ett mera könsneutralt närmande på kontexter där ett generellt exempel belyses eller där det är klart att båda könen finns representerade. I min forskning visade det sig även att en enda översättningsstrategi inte nödvändigtvis ger ett lika bra slutresultat som användningen av flera översättningsstrategier parallellt.fi=Opinnäytetyö kokotekstinä PDF-muodossa.|en=Thesis fulltext in PDF format.|sv=Lärdomsprov tillgängligt som fulltext i PDF-format

Benthic bacterial production in the northern Baltic Sea measured using a modified 14C-leucine uptake method

Peer reviewe

The complex effects of the invasive polychaetes Marenzelleria spp. on benthic nutrient dynamics

The effects of the polychaetes Marenzelleria sp. (Polychaeta, Spionidae), nonindigenous, rapidly increasing species in the Baltic Sea, on benthic nutrient fluxes, denitrification and sediment pore water nutrient concentration were studied in laboratory experiments using a flow-through setup with muddy sediment from coastal regions of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, different forms of sediment phosphorus (P), separated by chemical fractionation, were studied in three sediment layers. At a population density corresponding to about half the highest measured in the northern Baltic Sea, Marenzelleria sp. increased the fluxes of P and ammonium to the water column. No effect could be recorded for denitrification. Since the previously dominant species of the area, Monoporeia affinis, can enhance denitrification and lower the amount of dissolved P in the pore water, the replacement of M affinis with Marenzelleria spp. may lead to increased P flux to the water column and decreased denitrification, further increasing the ammonium flux to the water column. However, sediment reworking by Marenzelleria spp. also oxidizes the surface sediment in the long run, improving its ability to retain P and support nitrification. Therefore, the impact of Marenzelleria spp. on sediment nutrient release may not be as drastic as the initial reactions seen in our experiments suggest. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The effects of the polychaetes Marenzelleria sp. (Polychaeta, Spionidae), nonindigenous, rapidly increasing species in the Baltic Sea, on benthic nutrient fluxes, denitrification and sediment pore water nutrient concentration were studied in laboratory experiments using a flow-through setup with muddy sediment from coastal regions of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, different forms of sediment phosphorus (P), separated by chemical fractionation, were studied in three sediment layers. At a population density corresponding to about half the highest measured in the northern Baltic Sea, Marenzelleria sp. increased the fluxes of P and ammonium to the water column. No effect could be recorded for denitrification. Since the previously dominant species of the area, Monoporeia affinis, can enhance denitrification and lower the amount of dissolved P in the pore water, the replacement of M affinis with Marenzelleria spp. may lead to increased P flux to the water column and decreased denitrification, further increasing the ammonium flux to the water column. However, sediment reworking by Marenzelleria spp. also oxidizes the surface sediment in the long run, improving its ability to retain P and support nitrification. Therefore, the impact of Marenzelleria spp. on sediment nutrient release may not be as drastic as the initial reactions seen in our experiments suggest. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The effects of the polychaetes Marenzelleria sp. (Polychaeta, Spionidae), nonindigenous, rapidly increasing species in the Baltic Sea, on benthic nutrient fluxes, denitrification and sediment pore water nutrient concentration were studied in laboratory experiments using a flow-through setup with muddy sediment from coastal regions of the Gulf of Finland. In addition, different forms of sediment phosphorus (P), separated by chemical fractionation, were studied in three sediment layers. At a population density corresponding to about half the highest measured in the northern Baltic Sea, Marenzelleria sp. increased the fluxes of P and ammonium to the water column. No effect could be recorded for denitrification. Since the previously dominant species of the area, Monoporeia affinis, can enhance denitrification and lower the amount of dissolved P in the pore water, the replacement of M affinis with Marenzelleria spp. may lead to increased P flux to the water column and decreased denitrification, further increasing the ammonium flux to the water column. However, sediment reworking by Marenzelleria spp. also oxidizes the surface sediment in the long run, improving its ability to retain P and support nitrification. Therefore, the impact of Marenzelleria spp. on sediment nutrient release may not be as drastic as the initial reactions seen in our experiments suggest. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Legacy effects of eutrophication on modern methane dynamics in a boreal estuary

Estuaries are important conduits between terrestrial and marine aquatic systems and function as hot spots in the aquatic methane cycle. Eutrophication and climate change may accelerate methane emissions from estuaries, causing positive feedbacks with global warming. Boreal regions will warm rapidly in the coming decades, increasing the need to understand methane cycling in these systems. In this 3-year study, we investigated seasonal and spatial variability of methane dynamics in a eutrophied boreal estuary, both in the water column and underlying sediments. The estuary and the connected archipelago were consistently a source of methane to the atmosphere, although the origin of emitted methane varied with distance offshore. In the estuary, the river was the primary source of atmospheric methane. In contrast, in the adjacent archipelago, sedimentary methanogenesis fueled by eutrophication over previous decades was the main source. Methane emissions to the atmosphere from the study area were highly variable and dependent on local hydrodynamics and environmental conditions. Despite evidence of highly active methanogenesis in the studied sediments, the vast majority of the upwards diffusive flux of methane was removed before it could escape to the atmosphere, indicating that oxidative filters are presently still functioning regardless of previous eutrophication and ongoing climate change.Peer reviewe

Autochthonous organic matter promotes DNRA and suppresses N2O production in sediments of the coastal Baltic Sea

Coastal environments are nitrogen (N) removal hot spots, which regulate the amount of land-derived N reaching the open sea. However, mixing between freshwater and seawater creates gradients of inorganic N and bioavailable organic matter, which affect N cycling. In this study, we compare nitrate reduction processes between estuary and offshore archipelago environments in the coastal Baltic Sea. Denitrification rates were similar in both environments, despite lower nitrate and carbon concentrations in the offshore archipelago. However, DNRA (dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium) rates were higher at the offshore archipelago stations, with a higher proportion of autochthonous carbon. The production rate and concentrations of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) were higher in the estuary, where nitrate concentrations and allochthonous carbon inputs are higher. These results indicate that the ratio between nitrate and autochthonous organic carbon governs the balance between N-removing denitrification and N-recycling DNRA, as well as the end-product of denitrification. As a result, a significant amount of the N removed in the estuary is released as N2O, while the offshore archipelago areas are characterized by efficient internal recycling of N. Our results challenge the current understanding of the role of these regions as filters of land-to-sea transfer of N.Peer reviewe

Nitrification and the ammonia-oxidizing communities in the central Baltic Sea water column

The redoxclines that form between the oxic and anoxic water layers in the central Baltic Sea are sites of intensive nitrogen cycling. To gain better understanding of nitrification, we measured the biogeochemical properties along with potential nitrification rates and analyzed the assemblages of ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea using functional gene microarrays. To estimate nitrification in the entire water column, we constructed a regression model for the nitrification rates and applied it to the conditions prevailing in the area in 2008-2012. The highest ammonia oxidation rates were found in a thin layer at the top of the redoxcline and the rates quickly decreased below detection limit when oxygen was exhausted. This is probably because extensive suboxic layers, which are known to harbor pelagic nitrification, are formed only for short periods after inflows in the Baltic Sea. The nitrification rates were some of the highest measured in the water columns, but the thickness of the layer where conditions were favorable for nitrification, was very small and it remained fairly stable between years. However, the depth of the nitrification layer varied substantially between years, particularly in the eastern Gotland Basin (EGB) due to turbulence in the water column. The ammonia oxidizer communities clustered differently between the eastern and western Gotland Basin (WGB) and the composition of ammonia oxidizing assemblages correlated with the environmental variables. The ammonia oxidizer community composition was more even in the EGB, which may be related to physical instability of the redoxcline that does not allow predominance of a single archetype, whereas in the WGB, where the position of the redoxcline is more constant, the ammonia-oxidizing community was less even. Overall the ammonia oxidizing communities in the Baltic Sea redoxclines were very evenly distributed compared to other marine environments where microarrays have been applied previously. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Spatial and temporal dynamics of ammonia oxidizers in the sediments of the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea

The diversity and dynamics of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) nitrifying communities in the sediments of the eutrophic Gulf of Finland (GoF) were investigated. Using clone libraries of ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) gene fragments and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP), we found a low richness of both AOB and AOA. The AOB amoA phylogeny matched that of AOB 16S ribosomal genes from the same samples. AOA communities were characterized by strong spatial variation while AOB communities showed notable temporal patterns. At open sea sites, where transient anoxic conditions prevail, richness of both AOA and AOB was lowest and communities were dominated by organisms with gene signatures unique to the GoF. Given the importance of nitrification as a link between the fixation of nitrogen and its removal from aquatic environments, the low diversity of ammonia-oxidizing microbes across the GoF could be of relevance for ecosystem resilience in the face of rapid global environmental changes. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe