Identifikasi Morfologi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia Coli Dari Fermentasi Buah Markisa (Passiflora SP.)

Telah dilakukan studi identifikasi bakteri dari buah Markisa dan uji aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri Escerichia coli. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari buah Markisa, dimana penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi morfologi bakteri yang tumbuh dalam proses fermentasi buah markisasecara mikroskopik, dan uji aktivitas antimikroba dari hasil fermentasi Markisa (Passiflora Sp.) terhadap bakteri Escerichia coli. Identifikasi morfologi yang dilakukan dengan metode pewarnaan Gram dan uji aktivitas antimikroba dengan menggunakan metode cakram. Hasil yang diperoleh dari terhadap kedua isolat yaitu S1 berbentuk basil dan S2 berbentuk basil dan kokus. Perhitungan jumlah koloni pada pengenceran 10-7 diperoleh S1 sebanyak 16.107 cfu/ml dan S2 sebanyak 30.107 cfu/ml. Uji aktivitas antimikroba terhadap bakteri patogen Escerichia coli selama 1 x 72 jam yaitu isolat S1 diperoleh zona hambat pertumbuhan bakteri sebesar 11 mm, 13 mm dan 15 mm dan isolat S2 sebesar 13 mm, 14 mm dan 16 mm

Implementation of Cooperative Learning Model by Greeting and Question Technique to Improve the Learning Outcomes and Activities Students in SMA 1 Bengkulu

Cooperative learning model is one learning model of activities and interactions between students to motivate each other and help each other in mastering subject matter to achieve maximum achievement. This research was conducted in n cycles. Each cycle is carried out by the changes to be achieved starting from initial reflection to returning to analysis and reflection. The average value of students has increased in each cycle of 50.75 in cycle 1, then increased in cycle 2 that is equal to 52.2 and cycle 3 to 72.75. teacher activity during the chemistry learning process in the classroom for each cycle using the type cooperative learning model with greeting and questions techniques continued to increase namely from an average score of 30 to 34.5 and increased very well in the cycle to 3 which is equal to 42 with good criteria while for student activity the average score of 26 to 31.5 and increased very well in the third cycle that is equal to 39 with good criteria. The conclusion is that the implementation of cooperative learning model with greeting and question techniques can improve the learning outcomes and activities of students in SMA 1 Bengkulu

Composite of Polylactic Acid/Chitosan/Ag-Hydroxyapatite Synthesized Using Turmeric Leaves Extract-Mediated Silver Nanoparticle and Snail Shell as Antibacterial Material

The development of an antibacterial composite of polylactic acid/chitosan/silver nanoparticle-doped hydroxyapatite has been synthesized. The composite was prepared using the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) green synthesized by using turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) leaves extract-mediated AgNPs and snail shell as biogenic calcium for hydroxyapatite synthesis. The precipitation method of hydroxyapatite by the doping of AgNPs was the first step, followed by composting with polylactic acid and chitosan as the polymer binder. Physicochemical characterization of the material was studied by using XRD, SEM, and FTIR analyses, and the antibacterial catalytic performance was examined against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results showed that the synthesized AgNPs are within the <100 nm range in size and not significantly influence the crystallinity of the Ag/HAp. The composite materials maintained the antibacterial activity against E. coli

Notes for genera – Ascomycota

Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of Lalaria, which were invalidly published are transferred to Taphrina and validated as new combinations. Catenomycopsis Tibell Constant. is reduced under Chaenothecopsis Vain., while Dichomera Cooke is reduced under Botryosphaeria Ces. De Not. (Art. 59)