Microbiological analysis and control of the fruit vinegar production process

En esta tesis se realizó la identificación y caracterización de los microorganismos (levaduras y bacterias acéticas) asociados a la producción de vinagres de diferentes frutas con el fin de seleccionar posibles cultivos starters para tener un mejor control del proceso. Se elaboraron vinagres a partir de uva, caqui, fresa y arándano por el método superficial principalmente, aunque, también, se utilizaron diferentes métodos sumergidos. Tras los estudios ecológicos, se realizaron pruebas de inoculación tanto para levaduras como para bacterias acéticas. En general, la inoculación resultó en una clara reducción en el tiempo de producción siendo algunas de las cepas seleccionadas buenas candidatas para utilizarse a nivel industrial. Por otra parte, a nivel tecnológico, se evaluaron diferentes diseños de barricas para mejorar la producción de vinagre por el método superficial. El aumento de la superficie de contacto con el aire es el principal parámetro a modificar para reducir el tiempo de acetificación.In this thesis, the identification and characterization of microorganisms (yeasts and acetic acid bacteria) associated with the production of different fruit vinegars were carried out in order to select potential starter cultures to have better control of the process. Vinegars from grapes, persimmon, strawberry and highbush blueberry were mainly produced by surface method, but also submerged and Schützenbach methods were tested. After the ecological studies, inoculation tests with yeast and acetic acid bacteria were performed. Overall, inoculation improved the kinetics, shortening the time needed for the vinegar production. Furthermore, some of the strains tested could be good candidates to be used as starter cultures at industrial level. On the other hand, at technological level, the use of wood barrels with a higher air-contact surface facilitated the development of AAB, which is necessary to reduce the acetification time in traditional vinegar production (surface method)

Snapshot of university assignments through autobiographies, memoirs and other literary texts

This manuscript provides a series of examples intedrated by fragments of narrative texts from different works that discuss the value of the descriptions and perceptions of various authors on selected educational aspects. Memorialistic, literary texts and studies onitems related to the university goals have been used. Specifically, information related to study plans, university demography, academic freedom, learning, memories of the teaching staff or choice of specialty is collected. When possible, historical circumstances that may have conditioned the current state of the Spanish university were taken into consideration.En este trabajo se aportan una serie de ejemplos integrados por fragmentos de textos narrativos tomados de diferentes obras que inciden en el valor de las descripciones y percepciones de diversos autores sobre aspectos educativos seleccionados. Se han utilizado textos memorialísticos, literarios y estudios sobre cuestiones relacionadas con los fines de la universidad. En concreto, se recoge información relacionados con planes de estudios, demografía universitaria, libertad de cátedra, aprendizaje, recuerdos del profesorado o elección de especialidad. Cuando ha sido posible se han invocado circunstancias históricas que pueden haber condicionado el estado actual de la universidad española

Literatura y enfermedad, dos narrativas diferentes de procesos compartidos

We asked our self about the arguments of authors to write and we have found that there are as many as people, and the number of reasons anyone finds can multiply even this. However, they can be grouped into four categories: a) those which refer to the creation as a playful act, b) those which explored the existential aspects of life, c) the strictly professional, and d) the soothing, those which soften and soothe, those which lick the wounds and heal. When we asked about the relationship between the disease and the creation, a mutual influence can be revealed: the disease is the source of great creative works and the act of creation itself may prove therapeutic powers. But the word, frequently, is clumsy to explain the pain. Therefore, the need of metaphor.</p

Degenerate PCR primers for detecting putative priming glycosyltransferase genes in Bifidobacterium strains

A new PCR-based method to detect putative exopolysaccharide (EPS) producers from the genus Bifidobacterium was developed based on the detection of two priming glycosyltransferase genes: rfbP (undecaprenyl-phosphate sugar phospho-transferase) and cpsD (galactosyl-transferase). An in silico analysis of the genomes of 28 bifidobacterial strains, belonging to 8 different species, allowed us to detect rfbP, cpsD, or both, in the large majority of the genomes. Based on DNA sequence homology studies, 24 degenerated primers were synthesised in order to select the primer pairs with the broadest capacity to detect the presence of these genes. Four primer pairs targeting internal regions of rfbP and cpsD were selected, allowing the detection of at least one of the two genes in 63 out of 99 bifidobacterial strains analysed, whereas control strains from other genera yielded negative results, suggesting that these genes are widely spread in this genus. The use of these primers is recommended to screen for the potential of Bifidobacterium strains to produce EPS. © 2015 Wageningen Academic Publishers.Peer Reviewe

Coronavirus Crisis Seen from a National Journal. Evolutionary Prospective from January-June 2020

The media, and more specifically the print journalism, is a powerful source of information for the reconstruction of high impact social events, like the current crisis generated by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 disease. To evaluate the impact, we analyzed the printed edition of the national journal El País, between January-June 2020, identifying the literature related to the virus or the disease. We quantified the different references and analyze the distribution across pages, sections of the journal, the sources of information and the organizations mentioned in the texts, together with the evolution overtime. The higher number of references (1872) was registered in April, with an average of 64.6±9.6 per day. Also in April, the number of pages where a comment was related to the crisis represented the 70% of the total pages of the journal. By journal section, the higher number of references corresponded to Society, Economy, Opinion and Spain, in this particular order. The news related to national interest were continued overtime, whereas the international ones where higher at the beginning of the crisis with a decreasing tendency overtime. The journalism genres vary from mainly interpretative at the beginning, to informative later on, with opinion texts reaching their highest levels in April. The information source more frequently used in each text corresponds to institutional organizations. Noteworthy, even if the number of texts related with health is lower than those related to economy and politics, there have been a notorious number of information related to public safety, health management, health assistance and drugs.Los medios de comunicación son potencialmente útiles para la construcción social de acontecimientos de alto impacto, como es el caso de la actual crisis provocada por el coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) y la enfermedad COVID-19. Para evaluar su impacto hemos analizado la edición impresa del diario El País entre los meses de enero y junio de 2020, identificando los textos periodísticos que aludían al virus o a la enfermedad, cuantificando su distribución en las páginas y las secciones del diario, las fuentes que se citan en los textos y la evolución de los géneros periodísticos a lo largo del periodo. El número más elevado de textos alusivos se registró en el mes de abril con 1872, con una media diaria de 64,6±9,6. En este mismo mes, el número de páginas del diario en las que se alude a diferentes aspectos de la crisis supera el 70% del total. En la distribución por secciones, el mayor número de textos se alcanzó en Sociedad, seguidos de Economía, Opinión y España. Las noticias de ámbito nacional se mantienen a lo largo del periodo, mientras que las de ámbito internacional son elevadas al inicio de la crisis y luego descienden. Los géneros periodísticos de tipo interpretativo son frecuentes al inicio, pero luego dominan los informativos; los considerados de opinión alcanzan su punto álgido en abril. La fuente documental más abundante es la institucional. Aunque los textos relacionados con salud son cuantitativamente poco numerosos en comparación con los temas económicos y políticos, se ha encontrado información relevante referida a salud pública, gestión sanitaria, asistencia sanitaria y medicamentos

Tackling probiotic and gut microbiota functionality through proteomics

Abstract Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Many strains exert their beneficial effects after transiently colonizing the human gut, where they interact with the rest of the intestinal microorganisms and with the host mucosa. Indeed the human gut harbours a huge number of microorganisms also known as gut microbiota. Imbalances in the relative abundances of the individual components of the gut microbiota may determine the health status of the host and alterations in specific groups have been related to different diseases and metabolic disorders. Proteomics provide a set of high-throughput methodologies for protein identification that are extremely useful for studying probiotic functionality and helping in the assessment of specific health-promoting activities, such as their immunomodulatory activity, the intestinal colonization processes, and the crosstalk mechanisms with the host. Furthermore, proteomics have been used to identify markers of technological performance and stress adaptation, which helps to predict traits such as behaviour into food matrices and ability to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this review is to compile studies in which proteomics have been used to assess probiotic functionality and to identify molecular players supporting their mechanisms of action. Significance Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. Molecular basis underlying the functional properties of probiotic bacteria responsible for the health promoting effects have been in the background for many years. Breakthrough of omics technologies in the probiotic and microbiota fields has had a very relevant impact in the elucidation of probiotic mechanisms and in the procedures to select these microorganisms, based on solid scientific evidence. It is unquestionable that, in the near future, the evolution of proteomic techniques will play a pivotal role in the generation of knowledge about the functions of probiotics and gut commensals, still a pending issue in the field of intestinal microbiomics.Research in our lab is funded by Grants AGL2013-44039-R and AGL2013-44761-P from the Spanish “Plan Estatal de I + D + I”. Part of the authors is also partially funded by the [15VI013] Contract-Programme from the University of Vigo and the Agrupamento INBIOMED from DXPCTSUG-FEDER unha maneira de facer Europa (2012/273). Lorena Ruiz has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/under REA grant agreement n° 624773. Borja Sánchez was recipient of a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

Effect of a Ropy Exopolysaccharide-Producing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Strain Orally Administered on DSS-Induced Colitis Mice Model

Exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing bifidobacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains, are used in the functional food industry as promising probiotics with purported beneficial effects. We used three isogenic strains of B. animalis subsp. lactis, with different EPS producing phenotypes (mucoid-ropy and non-ropy), in order to determine their capability to survive the murine gastrointestinal tract transit, as well as to evaluate their role in improving clinical outcomes in a chemically-induced colitis model. The three strains were able to survive in the intestinal tract of C57BL/6J mice during the course of the intervention study. Furthermore, the disease activity index (DAI) of the animal group treated with the ropy strain was significantly lower than of the DAI of the placebo group at the end of the treatment. However, no significant differences were found among the three strains. The analysis of several immune parameters, such as TNFα and IL-10 quantified in blood plasma and lymphocyte populations enumerated in mesenteric nodes, showed some significant variations among the four experimental animal groups. Remarkably, a higher capability of the ropy strain to increase regulatory T-cells in mesenteric lymphoid nodes was demonstrated, suggesting a higher ability of this strain to regulate inflammatory responses at mucosal level. Our data indicate that strains of B. animalis subsp. lactis producing EPS that confer a mucoid-ropy phenotype could represent promising candidates to perform further studies targeting intestinal inflammatory processes

Microbiological, Physical, and Chemical Procedures to Elaborate High-Quality SO2-Free Wines

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the most preservative used in the wine industry and has been widely applied, as antioxidant and antibacterial agent. However, the use of sulfur dioxide implicates a range of adverse clinical effects. Therefore, the replacement of the SO2 content in wines is one of the most important challenges for scientist and winemakers. This book chapter gives an overview regarding different microbiological, physical, and chemical alternatives to elaborate high-quality SO2-free wines. In the present chapter, original research articles as well as review articles and results obtained by the research group of the Wine Technology Center (VITEC) are shown. This study provides useful information related to this novel and healthy type of wines, highlighting the development of winemaking strategies and procedures