Developing Conviction in Women Leaders: The Role of Unique Work and Life Experiences

The past 20 years has seen a proliferation of studies identifying the barriers women often face in leadership. Two potent obstacles women face are gender bias and stereotype threat, which manifest in both management selection and performance ratings. One option some women use to combat negative stereotypes is to adapt themselves to their environments, an approach that may lead to a decrease in self-regulation, goal clarity, and authenticity. Demonstrating conviction is a powerful strategy used by leaders to maintain a consistent sense of direction and connection to what is most important to them, even under the most pressing situations. This strategy may be especially useful for enabling women leaders to hold on to what is most important to them amid the pressures they face to adapt to stereotypes. The goal of this study was to determine whether certain career and life experiences affect women’s ability to demonstrate conviction. After accounting for missing data and outliers, the sample consisted of 563 male and female leaders enrolled in an online leadership development tool. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 92, with 323 participants identifying as female and 240 as male. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to test the primary hypotheses and exploratory research questions. All analyses resulted in statistically significant results. Specifically, Calling and People Experiences positively predict conviction development. Calling Experiences resulted in the strongest unique predictor of conviction development in women. Exploratory analyses identified Leadership and People Experiences as being critical for male leaders’ conviction development. These result reveal that novel and unique experiences have a direct impact on women leaders’ self-knowledge and create opportunities for learning

The Fellow Who Might : Angela and Chorus

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28666 and higher. Recorder of Deeds records dated on or after January 1, 1970 must be requested from the local Recorder of Deeds ' office (59.003

SCAVENGING MEASUREMENTS IN A DIRECT-INJECTION TWO-STROKE ENGINE

The scavenging process in a direct-injection two-stroke research engine was examined. A physical model was developed to characterize scavenging based on known quantities. An electromagnetic valve was used to sample pre-combustion gases from the running engine. The valve proved to be very robust and was able to sample greater than 30mass under all test conditions. The concentration of either oxygen or carbon dioxide, the mass ow rate of the fuel, and the intake and exhaust temperatures were used to calculate the scavenging ef ciency, trapping ef ciency, trapped mass, and concentration of combustion products. A modi ed de nition of delivery ratio, based on a reference trapped cylinder mass, was used for all scavenging calculations. Good agreement was found between scavenging parameters calculated using the trapped oxygen concentration and those calculated using the trapped carbon dioxide concentration. Carbon monoxide was found to be a poor indicator of scavenging, because CO production continued after combustion. Oxides of nitrogen were theoretically good indicators of scavenging, but experimental problems with sampling were not resolved, and the NOx data were not considered to be reliable. Tests were performed with a variable delivery ratio and: a constant air/fuel ratio, a constant fueling rate, or with fueling controlled by the engine control unit. Scavenging and trapping ef ciency were shown to be strongly a function of delivery ratio. Scavenging ef ciency increased with increasing delivery ratio, and trapping ef ciency decreased. Tests were also run at constant delivery ratio with a variable air/fuel ratio or a variable engine speed. Scavenging ef ciency decreased slightly with increasing air/fuel ratio, and with decreasing speed. Trapping ef ciency did not seem to be affected by either parameter. Scavenging and trapping ef ciency were near the non-isothermal perfect mixing model for all test cases

Democratic Hickory club. At a stated meeting of the Hickory club of the City and County of Philadelphia, held on the 3d September 1844, the following address was adopted and ordered to be published: To the Democrats of the Union. The importance

1160 C 26 4 F 44.; Rec R. B.; May 1944.; On verso: 1.50; X H / 57; 1160 C 26 4 F 44