Within-family influences on dimensional neurobehavioral traits in a high-risk genetic model

Background Genotype-first and within-family studies can elucidate factors that contribute to psychiatric illness. Combining these approaches, we investigated the patterns of influence of parental scores, a high-impact variant, and schizophrenia on dimensional neurobehavioral phenotypes implicated in major psychiatric disorders. Methods We quantitatively assessed cognitive (FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ), social, and motor functioning in 82 adult individuals with a de novo 22q11.2 deletion (22 with schizophrenia), and 148 of their unaffected parents. We calculated within-family correlations and effect sizes of the 22q11.2 deletion and schizophrenia, and used linear regressions to assess contributions to neurobehavioral measures. Results Proband-parent intra-class correlations (ICC) were significant for cognitive measures (e.g. FSIQ ICC = 0.549, p < 0.0001), but not for social or motor measures. Compared to biparental scores, the 22q11.2 deletion conferred significant impairments for all phenotypes assessed (effect sizes -1.39 to -2.07 s.d.), strongest for PIQ. There were further decrements in those with schizophrenia. Regression models explained up to 37.7% of the variance in IQ and indicated that for proband IQ, parental IQ had larger effects than schizophrenia. Conclusions This study, for the first time, disentangles the impact of a high-impact variant from the modifying effects of parental scores and schizophrenia on relevant neurobehavioral phenotypes. The robust proband-parent correlations for cognitive measures, independent of the impact of the 22q11.2 deletion and of schizophrenia, suggest that, for certain phenotypes, shared genetic variation plays a significant role in expression. Molecular genetic and predictor studies are needed to elucidate shared factors and their contribution to psychiatric illness in this and other high-risk groups

Species composition, larval habitats, seasonal occurrence and distribution of potential malaria vectors and associated species of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Larval mosquito habitats of potential malaria vectors and related species of <it>Anopheles </it>from three provinces (Gyeonggi, Gyeongsangbuk, Chungcheongbuk Provinces) of the Republic of Korea were surveyed in 2007. This study aimed to determine the species composition, seasonal occurrence and distributions of <it>Anopheles </it>mosquitoes. Satellite derived normalized difference vegetation index data (NDVI) was also used to study the seasonal abundance patterns of <it>Anopheles </it>mosquitoes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Mosquito larvae from various habitats were collected using a standard larval dipper or a white plastic larval tray, placed in plastic bags, and were preserved in 100% ethyl alcohol for species identification by PCR and DNA sequencing. The habitats in the monthly larval surveys included artificial containers, ground depressions, irrigation ditches, drainage ditches, ground pools, ponds, rice paddies, stream margins, inlets and pools, swamps, and uncultivated fields. All field-collected specimens were identified to species, and relationships among habitats and locations based on species composition were determined using cluster statistical analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In about 10,000 specimens collected, eight species of <it>Anopheles </it>belonging to three groups were identified: Hyrcanus Group - <it>Anopheles sinensis</it>, <it>Anopheles kleini</it>, <it>Anopheles belenrae</it>, <it>Anopheles pullus</it>, <it>Anopheles lesteri</it>, <it>Anopheles sineroides</it>; Barbirostris Group - <it>Anopheles koreicus</it>; and Lindesayi Group - <it>Anopheles lindesayi japonicus</it>. Only <it>An. sinensis </it>was collected from all habitats groups, while <it>An. kleini, An. pullus </it>and <it>An. sineroides </it>were sampled from all, except artificial containers. The highest number of <it>Anopheles </it>larvae was found in the rice paddies (34.8%), followed by irrigation ditches (23.4%), ponds (17.0%), and stream margins, inlets and pools (12.0%). <it>Anopheles sinensis </it>was the dominant species, followed by <it>An. kleini, An. pullus </it>and <it>An. sineroides</it>. The monthly abundance data of the <it>Anopheles </it>species from three locations (Munsan, Jinbo and Hayang) were compared against NDVI and NDVI anomalies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The species composition of <it>Anopheles </it>larvae varied in different habitats at various locations. <it>Anopheles </it>populations fluctuated with the seasonal dynamics of vegetation for 2007. Multi-year data of mosquito collections are required to provide a better characterization of the abundance of these insects from year to year, which can potentially provide predictive capability of their population density based on remotely sensed ecological measurements.</p

Complete sequence of the 22q11.2 allele in 1,053 subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome reveals modifiers of conotruncal heart defects

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) results from non-allelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats termed LCR22. About 60%-70% of individuals with the typical 3 megabase (Mb) deletion from LCR22A-D have congenital heart disease, mostly of the conotruncal type (CTD), whereas others have normal cardiac anatomy. In this study, we tested whether variants in the hemizygous LCR22A-D region are associated with risk for CTDs on the basis of the sequence of the 22q11.2 region from 1,053 22q11.2DS individuals. We found a significant association (FDR p &lt; 0.05) of the CTD subset with 62 common variants in a single linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in a 350 kb interval harboring CRKL. A total of 45 of the 62 variants were associated with increased risk for CTDs (odds ratio [OR) ranges: 1.64-4.75). Associations of four variants were replicated in a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies of CTDs in affected individuals without 22q11.2DS. One of the replicated variants, rs178252, is located in an open chromatin region and resides in the double-elite enhancer, GH22J020947, that is predicted to regulate CRKL (CRK-like proto-oncogene, cytoplasmic adaptor) expression. Approximately 23% of patients with nested LCR22C-D deletions have CTDs, and inactivation of Crkl in mice causes CTDs, thus implicating this gene as a modifier. Rs178252 and rs6004160 are expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of CRKL. Furthermore, set-based tests identified an enhancer that is predicted to target CRKL and is significantly associated with CTD risk (GH22J020946, sequence kernal association test (SKAT) p = 7.21&nbsp;× 10-5) in the 22q11.2DS cohort. These findings suggest that variance in CTD penetrance in the 22q11.2DS population can be explained in part by variants affecting CRKL expression

Genetic contributors to risk of schizophrenia in the presence of a 22q11.2 deletion

Schizophrenia occurs in about one in four individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The aim of this International Brain and Behavior 22q11.2DS Consortium (IBBC) study was to identify genetic factors that contribute to schizophrenia, in addition to the ~20-fold increased risk conveyed by the 22q11.2 deletion. Using whole-genome sequencing data from 519 unrelated individuals with 22q11.2DS, we conducted genome-wide comparisons of common and rare variants between those with schizophrenia and those with no psychotic disorder at age ≥25 years. Available microarray data enabled direct comparison of polygenic risk for schizophrenia between 22q11.2DS and independent population samples with no 22q11.2 deletion, with and without schizophrenia (total n = 35,182). Polygenic risk for schizophrenia within 22q11.2DS was significantly greater for those with schizophrenia (padj = 6.73 × 10−6). Novel reciprocal case–control comparisons between the 22q11.2DS and population-based cohorts showed that polygenic risk score was significantly greater in individuals with psychotic illness, regardless of the presence of the 22q11.2 deletion. Within the 22q11.2DS cohort, results of gene-set analyses showed some support for rare variants affecting synaptic genes. No common or rare variants within the 22q11.2 deletion region were significantly associated with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that in addition to the deletion conferring a greatly increased risk to schizophrenia, the risk is higher when the 22q11.2 deletion and common polygenic risk factors that contribute to schizophrenia in the general population are both present

Anopheles sineroides S. Yamada

3. &lt;i&gt;Anopheles sineroides&lt;/i&gt; S. Yamada &lt;p&gt;(Fig. 2 A, B, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6C)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Size:&lt;/b&gt; Length 528.25&ndash;584.94 um (mean 553.93 + 24.22 um, n = 7); width 70.12&ndash;140.16 (mean 96.71 + 27.16 um, n = 5) (Table 1, Fig. 2 A, B). &lt;i&gt;Color:&lt;/i&gt; Black. &lt;i&gt;Overall appearance&lt;/i&gt;: Slightly boat-shaped in both ventral and dorsal views, anterior and posterior ends blunt, sometimes slightly pointed. Ventral surface slightly concave, dorsal surface curved, float relatively long and wide in dorso-ventral plane, length 367.40&ndash;424.75 um (mean 401.20 + 22.83 um, n = 5); width 59.20&ndash;100.10 um (mean 73.97 + 16.21 um, n = 5). &lt;i&gt;Dorsal and lateral surfaces&lt;/i&gt;: All surfaces uniformly covered with mostly pentagonal and hexagonal outer chorionic cells or plastron-type cells. (Fig. 3 C), each longer than wide, long dimension oriented in long axis of egg. Interior of each cell with perforated meshwork, surrounded by an elevated, palisade-like outer chorionic reticulum. Cell area 78.84&ndash;330.18 um (mean 202.88 + 69.07, n = 20) (Table 1). Float fairly long, about 0.72 length of egg; ratio of float length and width, and length in proportion to egg length and number of ribs as in Table 1. Ribs towards both ends of float wider than those at middle part, slightly striated on dorsal sides; number of ribs per float 28&ndash;36 (mean 28.56 + 3.00, n = 9). &lt;i&gt;Ventral surface.&lt;/i&gt; Deck continuous, slightly narrows at both ends of float, degree of narrowing usually variable; anterior part of deck usually as wide as posterior part; entire deck covered uniformly with fine tubercles (Fig. 4 C). Frill continuous, shallow along narrowed portion of deck. Lobed ventral tubercles at anterior end of the deck, 5&ndash;6 (mean 5.50 + 0.71, n = 2), and at posterior end, 3&ndash;4 (mean 3.60 + 0.55, n = 5), (Table 1, Fig. 5 C). Lobed ventral tubercles usually round, occasionally oval or oblong. Lobes of each anterior ventral tubercle, 5&ndash;7 (mean 6.50 + 0.84, n = 6); lobes of each posterior ventral tubercle, 6&ndash;7 (mean 6.33 + 0.58, n = 3). Lobes clearly separated, often swollen at ends, outer walls often smooth. Lobes in slightly elevated, tuberculoid structures. &lt;i&gt;Anterior end, micropyle&lt;/i&gt;. Anterior end slightly more blunt than posterior end. Micropylar collar irregular in outline, with smooth surface, inner edge uniformly and deeply excavated, peaks between excavations tapering to form radial ridges extending about half way across micropylar disc, dividing disc into sectors (Fig. 6 C). Number of sectors (or ridges) 6&ndash;7 (mean 6.60 + 0.55, n = 5). Area of micropylar 60.35&ndash;90.67 um (mean 80.01 + 17.04 um, n = 3), usually with smooth surface, or covered with thin film.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Rueda, Leopoldo M., Brown, Tracy L., Kim, Heung-Chul, Klein, Terry A., Thongkukiatkul, Amporn &amp; Sherwood, Van, 2009, Description and comparison of morphological structures of the eggs of Anopheles hyrcanus group and related species (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2268&lt;/i&gt; on page 28, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190892"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.190892&lt;/a&gt

Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann

2. &lt;i&gt;Anopheles sinensis&lt;/i&gt; Wiedemann &lt;p&gt;(Fig. 3 B, 4B, 5B, 6B)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Size:&lt;/b&gt; Length 315.63&ndash;536.50 um (mean 467.37 + 68.90 um, n = 10); width 52.43&ndash;145.00 (mean 76.72 + 30.7 um, n = 8) (Table 1). &lt;i&gt;Color:&lt;/i&gt; Black. &lt;i&gt;Overall appearance&lt;/i&gt;: Boat-shaped in both ventral and dorsal views, anterior end blunt, posterior end blunt, sometimes pointed. Ventral surface concave, dorsal surface curved, float relatively short and wide in dorso-ventral plane, length 147.42&ndash;298.20 um (mean 246.98 + 49.22 um, n = 7); width 47.25&ndash;96.25 um (mean 67.08 + 16.25 um, n = 7). &lt;i&gt;Dorsal and lateral surfaces&lt;/i&gt;: All surfaces uniformly covered with mostly hexagonal and pentagonal, but occasionally quadrilateral outer chorionic cells or plastron-type cells (Fig. 3 B), each longer than wide, long dimension oriented in long axis of egg. Interior of each cell with perforated meshwork, surrounded by an elevated, palisade-like outer chorionic reticulum. Cell area 131.87&ndash;273.40 um (mean 196.03 + 50.42, n = 26) (Table 1). Float fairly short, about 0.53 length of egg; ratio of float length and width, and length in proportion to egg length and number of ribs as in Table 1. Ribs towards both ends of float wider than those at middle part, rarely striated on dorsal sides; number of ribs per float 20&ndash;26 (mean 23 + 1.63, n = 13). &lt;i&gt;Ventral surface.&lt;/i&gt; Deck continuous, narrows in mid-line near center of float, degree of narrowing usually variable; covered uniformly with fine tubercles (Fig. 4 B). Middle part of deck sometimes covered with thin membranous layer. Frill continuous, shallow along narrowed portion of deck. Lobed ventral tubercles at anterior end of the decks, 5&ndash;8 (mean 6.73 + 1.16, n = 15), and at posterior end, 4&ndash;8 (mean 6.43 + 1.51, n = 7) (Table 1, Fig. 5 B). Lobed ventral tubercles usually oval or oblong, but occasionally round. Lobes of each anterior ventral tubercle, 5&ndash;8 (mean 6.92 + 1.0, n = 24); lobes of each posterior ventral tubercle, 4&ndash;9 (mean 7.22 + 1.1, n = 41). Lobes clearly separated, often swollen at ends, outer walls often smooth. Lobes in slightly elevated, striated structures. &lt;i&gt;Anterior end, micropyle&lt;/i&gt;. Anterior end slightly more blunt than posterior end. Micropylar collar irregular in outline, with smooth surface, inner edge uniformly and deeply excavated, peaks between excavations tapering to form radial ridges extending about a third or half way across micropylar disc, dividing disc in to sectors (Fig. 6 B). Number of sectors (or ridges) 6&ndash; 9 (mean 7.3 + 1.0, n = 9). Area of micropylar disc 90.25&ndash;111.45 um (mean 100.69 + 13.16 um, n = 3), usually with smooth surface.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Rueda, Leopoldo M., Brown, Tracy L., Kim, Heung-Chul, Klein, Terry A., Thongkukiatkul, Amporn &amp; Sherwood, Van, 2009, Description and comparison of morphological structures of the eggs of Anopheles hyrcanus group and related species (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2268&lt;/i&gt; on page 27, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190892"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.190892&lt;/a&gt

Anopheles belenrae Rueda

8. &lt;i&gt;Anopheles belenrae&lt;/i&gt; Rueda &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 3 H, 4H, 5H, 6H)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Size:&lt;/b&gt; Length 518.76&ndash;604.87 um (mean 572.07 + 40.44 um, n = 5); width 66.51&ndash;150.62 (mean 129.09 + 40.65 um, n = 5) (Table 1). &lt;i&gt;Color:&lt;/i&gt; Black. &lt;i&gt;Overall appearance&lt;/i&gt;: Boat-shaped in both ventral and dorsal views, anterior end blunt, posterior end blunt, sometimes pointed. Ventral surface concave, dorsal surface curved, float relatively short and wide in dorso-ventral plane, length 266.87&ndash;304.33 um (mean 293.80 + 15.59 um, n = 5); width 57.86&ndash;111.08 um (mean 74.44 + 22.25 um, n = 5). &lt;i&gt;Dorsal and lateral surfaces&lt;/i&gt;: All surfaces uniformly covered with mostly pentagonal and hexagonal outer chorionic cells or plastron-type cells (Hinton 1968) (Fig. 3 H), each longer than wide, long dimension oriented in long axis of egg. Interior of each cell with interconnected, fine rounded structures, surrounded by an elevated, palisade-like outer chorionic reticulum. Cell area 98.38&ndash;374.86 um (mean 264.84 + 66.08, n = 14) (Table 1). Float fairly short, about 0.51 length of egg; ratio of float length and width, and length in proportion to egg length and number of ribs as in Table 1. Ribs towards both ends of float wider than those at middle part, rarely striated on dorsal sides; number of ribs per float 21&ndash;28 (mean 23.63 + 2.20, n = 8). &lt;i&gt;Ventral surface.&lt;/i&gt; Deck continuous, narrows in mid-line near center of float, degree of narrowing usually variable; anterior part of deck usually wider than posterior part; entire deck covered uniformly with fine tubercles (Fig. 4 H). Frill continuous, shallow along narrowed portion of deck. Lobed ventral tubercles at anterior end of the deck, 4&ndash;9 (mean 7.75 + 2.50, n = 4), and at posterior end, 4&ndash;7 (mean 5.00 + 1.73, n = 3) (Table 1, Fig. 5 H). Lobed ventral tubercles usually oval or oblong, occasionally round. Lobes of each anterior ventral tubercle, 4&ndash;10 (mean 7.50 + 1.41, n = 22; lobes of each posterior ventral tubercle, 3&ndash;4 (mean 3.33 + 0.58, n = 3). Lobes clearly separated, often swollen at ends, outer walls often smooth. Lobes in slightly elevated, tuberculoid structures. &lt;i&gt;Anterior end, micropyle&lt;/i&gt;. Anterior end slightly more blunt than posterior end. Micropylar collar irregular in outline, with slightly striated surface, inner edge uniformly and deeply excavated, peaks between excavations tapering to form radial ridges extending about half way across micropylar disc, dividing disc into sectors (Fig. 6 H). Number of sectors (or ridges) 6&ndash;8 (mean 7.25 +0.96, n = 4). Area of micropylar disc 20.42&ndash;21.40 um (mean 20.98 + 0.50 um, n = 3), usually with striated surface.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Morphological comparisons.&lt;/b&gt; Table 1 shows the comparisons of 27 attributes of eggs among eight &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; species, (see Appendix for abbreviations and their equivalents). Four species (i.e. &lt;i&gt;An. koreicus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. lesteri&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. lindesayi japonicus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. sineroides&lt;/i&gt;) have significantly higher float/egg length ratios, from 0.72&ndash; 0.76, compared with the remaining four species (from 0.51&ndash;0.57) (P &lt;0.05). &lt;i&gt;Anopheles koreicus&lt;/i&gt; has a very distinct thin ornamented layer, covering the entire deck. This layer has elongate openings on both ends that extend towards the middle of the deck. It has also a usual round opening at middle part of the deck. &lt;i&gt;Anopheles belenrae&lt;/i&gt; eggs are significantly longer than those of &lt;i&gt;An. kleini&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. koreicus&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. lesteri&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;An. sinensis&lt;/i&gt; (P &lt;0.05). &lt;i&gt;Anopheles sinensis&lt;/i&gt; eggs have significantly wider middle decks than those of &lt;i&gt;An. belenrae&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. kleini&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;An. koreicus&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;An. sineroides&lt;/i&gt; (P &lt;0.05).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Principal Components&lt;/b&gt;. Principal components are useful as a means of identifying the combinations of attributes that provide the important contrasts and differences among usable characters of various species. Six attributes derived from SEM micrographs of the eggs were used: EGGL, EGGW, FLWR, FLELP, FLOA, FLOL (see the Appendix). They were selected using cross tabulations, correlations, parametric statistics and principal component analysis (PROC ANOVA, PROC PRINCOMP; SAS Institute 2003). Of the six derived from the standardized (zero, mean, unit variance), variables, the first three accounted for 89.28% of the variation, and the first two for 70.34% (Table 2). Component 1 carried a heavy positive weighting (Fig. 7) for maximum length of float (FLOL). The attribute egg width (EGGW) had a negative eigenvector in component 1 (Table 2). Component 2 accounted for about 50% less than component 1 (Table 2). Attribute egg width (EGGW) contributed strongly to weightings on this axis (Fig. 8). Component 3 accounted for 18.94% of total variance. The heaviest weightings in this component were mostly egg width (EGGW) and float area (FLOA), although length/width ratio of the float (FLWR) yielded a heavy negative weighting in component 3 (Table 2).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Principal Eigenvalue % of variance Attribute*&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;component explained EGGL EGGW FLWR FLELP FLOA FLOL 1 2.7397 45.66 0.1516 -0.1428 0.0509 0.5577 0.5495 0.5839 2 1.4807 24.68 0.6762 0.5702 0.3795 -0.1899 -0.0716 0.1795 3 1.1364 18.94 0.1733 0.3661 -0.8214 -0.1449 0.3638 -0.0878&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;*Attribute defined in the Appendix.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discriminant Functions.&lt;/b&gt; When discriminant analysis was applied to six variables to facilitate the separation of the species, the first four functions proved to be significant and the first 2 have 82.75% of the differences among species (Table 3). Four species (&lt;i&gt;An. belenrae, An. kleini, An. pullus and An. sinensis&lt;/i&gt;) were centered on the negative side of the first discriminant function, whereas the four other species were positive (Figs. 9 and 10). For the second discriminant function, an equal number of species appeared on either side of the centerline, but &lt;i&gt;An. koreicus&lt;/i&gt; was far removed from the others. Examining the centroids, species differences are found primarily between a group (composed of &lt;i&gt;An. sineroides, An. lesteri&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;An. lindesayi japonicus&lt;/i&gt;), &lt;i&gt;An. koreicus&lt;/i&gt;, and another group (composed of &lt;i&gt;An. kleini, An. sinensis, An. pullus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;An. belenrae&lt;/i&gt;) (Fig. 10).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Although eggs of &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; in South Korea are relatively simple in structure, they differ clearly in some attributes at the stereomicroscopic level (Table 1), particularly &lt;i&gt;An. koreicus.&lt;/i&gt; Multivariate analysis of egg characters indicated that &lt;i&gt;An. kleini, An. sinensis, An. pullus&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;An. belenrae&lt;/i&gt; generally cluster together (Figs. 8 and 10), and that their separation from &lt;i&gt;An. lesteri, An. sinensis&lt;/i&gt;, and &lt;i&gt;An. lindesayi japonicus&lt;/i&gt; on the second principal component was primarily attributable to differences in egg width. Several studies (e.g. Linley 1992, Linley &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1993, Linley &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt; 1996) used principal component analyses to separate eggs of different &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; species from different locations. Further studies need to be done to compare morphological differences of mosquito eggs from separate geographical populations of &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; vectors of malaria, not only from the ROK, but also from other countries. These data maybe useful in revising the taxonomy of various &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; groups.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Discriminant function Eigenvalue Relative percentage Chi-squared df P 1 5.4907 67.93 147.37 42 0.0000 2 1.7890 14.82 81.90 30 0.0000 3 0.7901 6.72 46.01 20 0.0008 4 0.5227 6.09 25.63 12 0.0121 *Attribute defined in the Appendix.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Rueda, Leopoldo M., Brown, Tracy L., Kim, Heung-Chul, Klein, Terry A., Thongkukiatkul, Amporn &amp; Sherwood, Van, 2009, Description and comparison of morphological structures of the eggs of Anopheles hyrcanus group and related species (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2268&lt;/i&gt; on pages 34-38, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190892"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.190892&lt;/a&gt

Anopheles pullus M. Yamada

4. &lt;i&gt;Anopheles pullus&lt;/i&gt; M. Yamada &lt;p&gt;(Fig. 3 D, 4D, 5D, 6D)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Size:&lt;/b&gt; Length 447.76&ndash;551.20 um (mean 497.04 + 28.83 um, n = 15); width 64.26&ndash;124.80 (mean 97.96 + 21.66 um, n = 12) (Table 1). &lt;i&gt;Color:&lt;/i&gt; Black. &lt;i&gt;Overall appearance&lt;/i&gt;: Slightly boat-shaped in both ventral and dorsal views, anterior end blunt, posterior end slightly pointed, sometimes blunt. Ventral surface slightly concave, dorsal surface curved, float relatively short and wide in dorso-ventral plane, length 244.95&ndash;499.72 um (mean 318.18 + 80.20, n = 14); width 35.70&ndash;87.36 um (mean 58.83 + 14.10 um, n = 14). &lt;i&gt;Dorsal and lateral surfaces&lt;/i&gt;: All surfaces uniformly covered with quadrilateral, hexagonal, and mostly pentagonal outer chorionic cells or plastron-type cells. (Fig. 3 D), each longer than wide, long dimension oriented in long axis of egg. Interior of each cell with perforated meshwork, surrounded by an elevated, palisade-like outer chorionic reticulum. Cell area 100.80&ndash;340.80 um (mean 236.64 + 64.82, n = 21) (Table 1). Float fairly short, about 0.57 length of egg; ratio of float length and width, and length in proportion to egg length and number of ribs as in Table 1. Ribs towards both ends of float wider than those at middle part, slightly striated on dorsal sides; number of ribs per float 19&ndash;27 (mean 24.38 + 2.03, n = 16). &lt;i&gt;Ventral surface.&lt;/i&gt; Deck continuous, slightly narrows at middle of float, degree of narrowing usually variable; anterior part of deck usually as wide as posterior part; entire deck covered uniformly with fine tubercles (Fig. 4 D). Frill continuous, shallow along narrowed portion of deck. Lobed ventral tubercles at anterior end of the deck, 4&ndash;8 (mean 6.36 + 1.36, n = 11), and at posterior end, 4&ndash;8 (mean 5.40 + 1.17, n = 10), (Table 1, Fig. 5 D). Lobed ventral tubercles usually round, occasionally oval or oblong. Lobes of each anterior ventral tubercle, 5&ndash;11 (mean 7.74 + 1.20, n = 43); lobes of each posterior ventral tubercle, 3&ndash;11 (mean 7.65 + 1.52, n = 31). Lobes clearly separated, often swollen at ends, outer walls often smooth. Lobes in slightly elevated, tuberculoid structures. &lt;i&gt;Anterior end, micropyle&lt;/i&gt;. Anterior end slightly more blunt than posterior end. Micropylar collar irregular in outline, with smooth surface, inner edge uniformly and deeply excavated, peaks between excavations tapering to form radial ridges extending about half way across micropylar disc, dividing disc into sectors (Fig. 6 D). Number of sectors (or ridges) 7&ndash;8 (mean 7.50 + 0.71, n = 2). Area of micropylar disc 66.61&ndash;109.59 um (mean 88.10 + 30.39 um, n = 2), usually with striated surface.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Rueda, Leopoldo M., Brown, Tracy L., Kim, Heung-Chul, Klein, Terry A., Thongkukiatkul, Amporn &amp; Sherwood, Van, 2009, Description and comparison of morphological structures of the eggs of Anopheles hyrcanus group and related species (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2268&lt;/i&gt; on page 29, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190892"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.190892&lt;/a&gt

Anopheles kleini Rueda

1. &lt;i&gt;Anopheles kleini&lt;/i&gt; Rueda &lt;p&gt;(Figs. 3 A, 4A, 5A, 6A)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Size:&lt;/b&gt; Length 349.66&ndash;525.23 um (mean 476.34 + 73.38 um, n = 5); width 98.12&ndash;121.36 (mean 115.81 + 9.96 um, n = 5) (Table 1). &lt;i&gt;Color:&lt;/i&gt; Black. &lt;i&gt;Overall appearance&lt;/i&gt;: Boat-shaped in both ventral and dorsal views, anterior end blunt, posterior end blunt, sometimes pointed. Ventral surface concave, dorsal surface curved, float relatively short and wide in dorso-ventral plane, length 189.53&ndash;310.07 um (mean 243.44 + 47.23 um, n = 5); width 41.44&ndash;60.80 um (mean 53.90 + 8.74 um, n = 5). &lt;i&gt;Dorsal and lateral surfaces&lt;/i&gt;: All surfaces uniformly covered with mostly pentagonal and hexagonal outer chorionic cells or plastron-type cells (Hinton 1968) (Fig. 3 A), each longer than wide, long dimension oriented in long axis of egg. Interior of each cell with fine rounded structures, surrounded by an elevated, palisade-like outer chorionic reticulum. Cell area 206.78&ndash; 360.12 um (mean 293.32 + 49.92, n = 16) (Table 1). Float fairly short, about 0.51 length of egg; ratio of float length and width, and length in proportion to egg length and number of ribs as in Table 1. Ribs (= ridges, Harbach and Knight 1980) towards both ends of float wider than those at middle part, rarely striated on dorsal sides; number of ribs per float 20&ndash;25 (mean 23.20 + 1.30, n = 5). &lt;i&gt;Ventral surface.&lt;/i&gt; Deck continuous, narrows in mid-line near center of float, degree of narrowing usually variable; anterior part of deck usually wider than posterior part; entire deck covered uniformly with fine tubercles (Fig. 4 A). Frill continuous, shallow along narrowed portion of deck. Lobed ventral tubercles at anterior end of the deck, 6&ndash;7 (mean 3.67 + 0.58, n = 3), and at posterior end, 8 (n = 3) (Table 1, Fig. 5 A). Lobed ventral tubercles usually round, occasionally oval or oblong. Lobes of each anterior ventral tubercle, 6&ndash;9 (mean 7.31 + 0.85, n = 13); lobes of each posterior ventral tubercle, 3 (n = 3). Lobes clearly separated, often swollen at ends, outer walls often smooth. Lobes in slightly elevated, tuberculoid structures. &lt;i&gt;Anterior end, micropyle&lt;/i&gt;. Anterior end slightly more blunt than posterior end. Micropylar collar irregular in outline, with smooth surface, inner edge uniformly and deeply excavated, peaks between excavations tapering to form radial ridges extending about half way across micropylar disc, dividing disc into sectors (Fig. 6 A). Number of sectors (or ridges) 6&ndash;8 (mean 7.25 +96, n = 4). Area of micropylar disc 33.98&ndash;146.76 um (mean 89.53 + 51.45 um, n = 4), usually with striated surface.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Rueda, Leopoldo M., Brown, Tracy L., Kim, Heung-Chul, Klein, Terry A., Thongkukiatkul, Amporn &amp; Sherwood, Van, 2009, Description and comparison of morphological structures of the eggs of Anopheles hyrcanus group and related species (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Republic of Korea, pp. 23-40 in Zootaxa 2268&lt;/i&gt; on page 26, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/190892"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.190892&lt;/a&gt