SECURITY DOOR SYSTEM USING CARD READER

This report describes about the research done about the title selected for the Final Year Project which named as Security Door System using Card Reader under Mr. Patrick Sebastian supervision. There are a lot of security door systems sold worldwide. This project is aimed to produce a low-cost security system that is able to use card reader as the interface. The card reader will read the information from the user's card and open the door. It based on PIC Microcontroller to control the authentication and access logging

The abundance of carbon monoxide in Neptune's atmosphere

Carbon Monoxide (CO) was discovered in the stratosphere of Neptune from the detection of the J=3-2 and J=2-1 rotational transitions in emission at 345.8 and 230.5 GHz respectively. It was conventionally thought that all of the atmospheric carbon should be in its reduced form of methane (CH4). Two sources of stratospheric CO have been postulated: CO transported from the interior by convection due to Neptune's strong internal heat source (internal source); or, CO produced through photochemical reactions from an external supply of water (external source). In this research project the J=3-2 transition of CO was observed to find the CO profile in Neptune's atmosphere and determine the mechanism producing CO. Three instruments were used at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) to measure the CO line: the heterodyne receiver B3; the University of Lethbridge Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS); and, the Submillimeter Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA). The high resolution (1.25 MHz) of the heterodyne observations over a large frequency range (~20 GHz) produced a very powerful result because the narrow emission core from the stratosphere and the broad absorption feature arising in the lower atmosphere were measured simultaneously. The CO abundance profile was determined using a model of the J=3-2 CO transition in Neptune's atmosphere developed for this project. Calculations indicate a CO abundance of 1.9+0.5-0.3x10-6 in the upper stratosphere and (0.8±0.2)x10-6 in the lower stratosphere and troposphere. The moderate resolution of the FTS data allowed the broad absorption feature to be measured. Uranus was originally chosen as the calibration source, but the discovery of CO in Uranus by Encrenaz et al. (2004), while this project was in progress, prompted both Neptune and Uranus to be examined for CO absorption. Two data sets (1993 and 2002) were analyzed and it was found that the 1993 spectra produced superior results, giving a CO mole ratio in the lower atmosphere between 0.8x10-6 and 2x10-5; this agrees, within the uncertainty limit, with the lower atmosphere heterodyne result. A tentative detection of CO in Uranus was also obtained from the 1993 data, with a CO abundance profile constrained to pressures greater than 0.5 bar with an abundance between 5x10-7 and 1x10-5. The 2002 data were found to be inferior to the 1993 data because of imperfect cancellation of thermal emission from the terrestrial atmosphere. The 850ìm SCUBA filter profile is well matched to the width of the CO feature. Photometric observations of Neptune and Uranus were used to determine if the reduction in integrated flux due to CO absorption could be detected using SCUBA. A CO mole ratio in the range (1.2-1.7) x10-6 was found for Neptune, calibrated against Uranus and assuming no CO in Uranus. Calibration of the Neptune and Uranus SCUBA data against Mars to produce an independent estimate of the CO abundance in both planets did not produce a useful result because of large calibration errors. Comparison of the results from the three techniques determined that the heterodyne measurement was superior and the derived CO profile was used to determine the source of neptunian CO. It was concluded that the source of CO in Neptune is both internal and external. The lower atmosphere result indicates an interior dominated by water ice. The most likely mechanism for the upper atmosphere CO involves meteoritic ablation, photolysis of H2O, and chemical reaction with by-products of methane photochemistry. The required H2O influx for this mechanism is at least two orders of magnitude higher than previously observed, indicating either that the observed H2O abundance is too small or that CO is produced by a different mechanism

Kajian Aksiologis Pendidikan Akhlak Dalam Surat Al Baqarah Ayat 67-74

Pendidikan Akhlak adalah usaha bimbingan jasmani dan rohani pada tingkat kehidupan individu dan sosial untuk mengembangkan fitrah manusia berdasarkan hukum-hukum Islam menuju terbentuknya manusia ideal (insan kamil ) yang berkepribadian muslim dan berakhlak terpuji serta taat pada Islam sehingga dapat mencapai kebahagiaan didunia dan di akhirat. Aksiologis pendidikan akhlak berdasarkan surat al-Baqarah 67-74 merupakan asas pendidikan yang harus dijadikan panduan oleh setiap pendidik masa pada masa kini. Hal yang menarik dalam surat al-Baqarah 67-74 yang perlu diperhatikan dalam perspektif dunia pendidikan ialah mengenai kesabaran seorang pendidik maupun peserta didik. Dalam menjalankan proses belajar mengajar diperlukan rasa sabar diantara mereka, guru harus terus bersemangat dalam mencerdaskan peserta didiknya, dan peserta juga jangan sampai putus asa dalam menyerap ilmu yang diberikan oleh gurunya. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang Aksiologis pendidikan Akhlak dan Metode pembelajaran yang terkandung dalam surat al-Baqarah ayat 67-74 tentang penyembelihan sapi betina. Pendekatan yang digunakan ialah pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research ). Sumber primer dalam penelitian ini ialah Al-Qur’an surat al-Baqarah ayat 67-74 dan sumber sekundernya ialah Tafsir dan buku-buku penelitian yang masih relevan dengan pembahasan. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini ialah kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam. Teknik analisis data dengan menggunakan metode Tafsir tahlili. Metode ini menguraikan makna yang dikandung oleh Al Qur’an, ayat demi ayat, dan surat demi surat sesuai dengan urutannya di dalam mushaf. Uraian tersebut mencakup berbagai aspek yang dikandung ayat yang ditafsirkan, seperti pengertian kosakata, konotasi kalimatnya, latar belakang turun ayat, kaitannya dengan ayat-ayat lain, baik sebelum maupun sesudahnya. Dan tidak ketinggalan pula pendapat yang telah diberikan berkenaan dengan tafsiran ayat-ayat tersebut, baik yang disampaikan oleh Nabi, sahabat, para tabi’in, maupun ahli tafsir lainnya. Hasil dalam penelitian ini ialah bahwa aksiologis pendidikan akhlak dalam surat al-Baqarah ayat 67-74 meliputi : (1) Akhlak dalam bertanya. Dalam tulisan ini dibahas mengenai kejelekan Bani Israil yang tidak memiliki etika dalam bertanya, dimana mereka menanyakan sesuatu hal yang membuat mereka berada pada permasalahan yang lebih sulit. (2) Akhlak kepada orang tua. (3) Kesabaran pendidik. (4) Kejujuran pendidik. (5) Ketaatan peserta didik. Dan penerapannya di lembaga pendidikan Islam sudah tergolong bai

Trace Species Identified in Saturn's Northern Storm Region

The massive storm at 40degN on Saturn that began in December 2010 has produced significant and lasting effects in the northern hemisphere on temperature and species abundances [I}. The northern storm region was observed at 0.5/cm spectral resolution in March 2011 by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). Temperatures in the stratosphere as high as 190 K were derived from CIRS spectra in warm regions referred to as "beacons". Other longitudes exhibit cold temperatures in the upper troposphere. These unusual conditions allow us to identify rare species such as C4H2, C3H4, and CO2 in the stratosphere, as well as to measure changes in the abundance of phosphine (PH3) in the troposphere. Phosphine is a disequilibrium species whose abundance is a tracer of upwelling from the deep atmosphere

SECURITY DOOR SYSTEM USING CARD READER

This report describes about the research done about the title selected for the Final Year Project which named as Security Door System using Card Reader under Mr. Patrick Sebastian supervision. There are a lot of security door systems sold worldwide. This project is aimed to produce a low-cost security system that is able to use card reader as the interface. The card reader will read the information from the user's card and open the door. It based on PIC Microcontroller to control the authentication and access logging

The Evolution of Hydrocarbons in Saturn's Northern Storm Region

The massive storm at 40N on Saturn that began in December 2010 has produced significant and lasting effects in the northern hemisphere on temperature and species abundances (Fletcher et aL 2011). The northern storm region was observed on several occasions between March 2011 and April 2012 by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) at a spectral resolution (0.5/cm) which permits the study of trace species in Saturn's stratosphere. During this time period, stratospheric temperatures in regions referred to as "beacons" (warm regions at specific longitudes at the latitude of the storm) became significantly warmer than pre-storm values of 140K, peaking near 220K, and subsequently cooling. These warm temperatures led to greatly enhanced infrared emission due to C4H2, C3H4, C2H2, and C2H6 in the stratosphere as well as the first detection of C2H4 on Saturn in the thermal infrared (Hesman et al. 2012). Using CH4 as a thermometer of Saturn's stratosphere in the beacon regions, we can derive the mixing ratios of each of these molecules. The most common hydrocarbons (C2H2 and C2H6) serve as dynamical tracers on Saturn and their abundances may constrain vertical motion in the stratosphere. All of these hydrocarbons are products of methane photolysis. Since many of the photochemical reactions that produce heavier hydrocarbons such as C4H2 and C3H4 are temperature sensitive, the beacon region provides a natural laboratory for studying these reactions on Saturn. We will discuss the time evolution of the abundances of each of these hydrocarbons from their pre-storm values, through the period of maximum heating , and during the period of cooling that is taking place in Saturn's stratosphere

Intertextuality and the metanarrative of new creation in Romans I : sociological dimension

Abstract: The application of the construct of new creation as the narrative substructure of Paul's letter to the church at Rome provides a coherent framework for drawing together the various motifs in the letter. Paul roots the story of Jesus Christ in the symbolic world of Israel's Scriptures and resocializes the Christ-movement into the symbolic world of new creation inaugurated in the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Drawing intertextually from Isaiah (Genesis and the Psalms), Paul depicts Jesus Christ as embodying the promises of YHWH, construed as his return and reign, to liberate Israel from exile, summon the nations to pledge allegiance to his absolute lordship and kingship, and transform natural creation. Three dimensions to the meta-narrative of new creation are identified: sociological, political, and ecological. In this article the sociological dimension will be discussed. In a subsequent article the political and ecological dimensions will be addressed

D/H Ratios on Saturn and Jupiter from Cassini CIRS

We present new measurements of the deuterium abundance on Jupiter and Saturn, showing evidence that Saturn's atmosphere contains less deuterium than Jupiter's. We analyzed far-infrared spectra from the Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer to measure the abundance of HD on both giant planets. Our estimate of the Jovian D/H = (2.95 ± 0.55) × 10−5 is in agreement with previous measurements by ISO/SWS: (2.25 ± 0.35) × 10−5, and the Galileo probe: (2.6 ± 0.7) × 10−5. In contrast, our estimate of the Saturn value of (2.10 ± 0.13) × 10−5 is somewhat lower than on Jupiter (by a factor of ${0.71}_{-0.15}^{+0.22}$), contrary to model predictions of a higher ratio: Saturn/Jupiter = 1.05–1.20. The Saturn D/H value is consistent with estimates for hydrogen in the protosolar nebula (2.1 ± 0.5) × 10−5, but its apparent divergence from the Jovian value suggests that our understanding of planetary formation and evolution is incomplete, which is in agreement with previous work.The US-based authors: J.E.D.P., C.A.N., G.L.B., R.K.A., B.E.H., and F.M.F. were supported by the NASA Cassini Mission during the period when this research was conducted. L.N.F. was supported by a Royal Society Research Fellowship at the University of Leicester. P.G.J.I. was supported by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council.Peer-reviewedPublisher Versio

Seasonal Evolution of Saturn's Polar Temperatures and Composition

The seasonal evolution of Saturn's polar atmospheric temperatures and hydrocarbon composition is derived from a decade of Cassini Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) 7-16 $\mu$m thermal infrared spectroscopy. We construct a near-continuous record of atmospheric variability poleward of 60$^\circ$ from northern winter/southern summer (2004, $L_s=293^\circ$) through the equinox (2009, $L_s=0^\circ$) to northern spring/southern autumn (2014, $L_s=56^\circ$). The hot tropospheric polar cyclones and the hexagonal shape of the north polar belt are both persistent features throughout the decade of observations. The hexagon vertices rotated westward by $\approx30^\circ$ longitude between March 2007 and April 2013, confirming that they are not stationary in the Voyager-defined System III longitude system as previously thought. The extended region of south polar stratospheric emission has cooled dramatically poleward of the sharp temperature gradient near 75$^\circ$S, coinciding with a depletion in the abundances of acetylene and ethane, and suggestive of stratospheric upwelling with vertical wind speeds of $w\approx+0.1$ mm/s. This is mirrored by a general warming of the northern polar stratosphere and an enhancement in acetylene and ethane abundances that appears to be most intense poleward of 75$^\circ$N, suggesting subsidence at $w\approx-0.15$ mm/s. However, the sharp gradient in stratospheric emission expected to form near 75$^\circ$N by northern summer solstice (2017, $L_s=90^\circ$) has not yet been observed, so we continue to await the development of a northern summer stratospheric vortex. North polar minima in tropospheric and stratospheric temperatures were detected in 2008-2010 (lagging one season, or 6-8 years, behind winter solstice); south polar maxima appear to have occurred before the start of the Cassini observations (1-2 years after summer solstice). [Abridged]Comment: Preprint of article accepted for publication in Icaru

Seasonal Changes in Titan's Surface Temperatures

Seasonal changes in Titan's surface brightness temperatures have been observed by Cassini in the thermal infrared. The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) measured surface radiances at 19 micron in two time periods: one in late northern winter (Ls = 335d eg) and another centered on northern spring equinox (Ls = 0 deg). In both periods we constructed pole-to-pole maps of zonally averaged brightness temperatures corrected for effects of the atmosphere. Between late northern winter and northern spring equinox a shift occurred in the temperature distribution, characterized by a warming of approximately 0.5 K in the north and a cooling by about the same amount in the south. At equinox the polar surface temperatures were both near 91 K and the equator was 93.4 K. We measured a seasonal lag of delta Ls approximately 9 in the meridional surface temperature distribution, consistent with the post-equinox results of Voyager 1 as well as with predictions from general circulation modeling. A slightly elevated temperature is observed at 65 deg S in the relatively cloud-free zone between the mid-latitude and southern cloud regions