Integration revisited: Zur Dynamik und Kontextabhängigkeit individueller Integrationsverläufe am Beispiel von MigrantInnen der ersten Generation in Wien

Zusammenfassung: Die Sicht der MigrantInnen auf Integration wurde bisher kaum zum Gegenstand wissenschaftlicher Berichte. Trotz einiger Versuche, individuelle Biographien ins Zentrum der Analyse zu rücken, fand die subjektive Interpretation und Bewertung der "Post-Migrationsprozesse" durch die MigrantInnen bisher wenig Beachtung. Da die ersten Kohorten der in Österreich ursprünglich als "GastarbeiterInnen" in den 1960er Jahren angeworbenen ArbeitsmigrantInnen nun das Pensionsalter erreicht haben, ist es möglich, von deren Standpunkt aus die Migration rückblickend als "Lebensprojekt" zu betrachten. Bislang fehlten in Österreich sowohl geeignete Longitudinaldaten für quantitative Analysen als auch qualitative Zugänge, welche die subjektive Bewertung des individuellen Migrationsprojektes zum Gegenstand hatten. Die drei zentralen Aspekte der vorliegenden Untersuchung — der Lebenslauf, die subjektive Bewertung der Akteure und die Kontextabhängigkeit von Integrationsprozessen — werden in diesem Artikel als Basis für die Generierung von Hypothesen und Theorien genutz

Timing of first union among second-generation Turks in Europe: The role of parents, peers and institutional context

This study examines the influence of parents and peers on first union timing among the Turkish second generation in Europe using pooled data from the TIES survey. Cross-national differences in union formation are assessed by comparing countries with different integration policies and welfare regimes. Analyses show that both parents and peers are relevant predictors of entry into union: More modern parental characteristics and contact with non-coethnic peers result in postponement of union entry. Furthermore, parental and peer influences are found to be rather similar in all seven countries despite a variety of integration policies. Actual timing differences between countries may be caused by welfare state provisions directed at young adults

Relative group size and minority school success: the role of intergroup friendship and discrimination experiences

From an intergroup relations perspective, relative group size is associated with the quantity and quality of intergroup contact: more positive contact (i.e., intergroup friendship) supports, and negative contact (i.e., experienced discrimination) hampers, minority identity, and school success. Accordingly, we examined intergroup contact as the process through which perceived relative proportions of minority and majority students in school affected minority success (i.e., school performance, satisfaction, and self-efficacy). Turkish minorities (N = 1,060) were compared in four Austrian and Belgian cities which differ in their typical school ethnic composition. Across cities, minority experiences of intergroup contact fully mediated the impact of perceived relative group size on school success. As expected, higher minority presence impaired school success through restricting intergroup friendship and increasing experienced discrimination. The association between minority presence and discrimination was curvilinear, however, so that schools where minority students predominated offered some protection from discrimination. To conclude, the comparative findings reveal positive and negative intergroup contact as key processes that jointly explain when and how higher proportions of minority students affect school success

Challenges and opportunities for culturally responsive leadership in schools: evidence from four European countries

Whether voluntary or enforced, increasing patterns of migration have significantly impacted schools by making them linguistically, culturally, religiously and ethnically more diverse than ever before. This increasing diversity requires school leaders to put in place mechanisms to ensure equity of participation for migration background students. Dimmock and Walker (2005) believe that school leaders need to play a vital role in promoting and sustaining an environment that embraces diversity and, by association, contributes to solving the macro problems of society. To accomplish this emerging role, there is a need for ‘new approaches to educational leadership in which leaders exhibit culturally responsive organisational practices, behaviours and competencies’ (Madhlangobe and Gordon, 2012: p. 177). This is all well and good in theory, but the current and historical context in which school leaders operate, together with the training and supports that are provided, influences, to a significant extent, how culturally responsive leadership can operate in practice. This study, which is part of a European Commission Erasmus+ funded project entitled Supporting Culturally Responsive Leadership and Evaluation in Schools (CReLES), examines these assumptions by mapping out the factors and actors that can hinder and facilitate the flourishing of such practices in four European countries, Austria, Ireland, Russia and Spain

Intergenerational mobility in societies of immigration - results from the Austrian census 2001. Methodological and theoretical challenges and perspectives.

In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Ungleichheitsparameter der Bildungsabschlüsse und beruflichen Positionen anhand der österreichischen Volkszählungsdaten 2001 inter- und intragenerational sowie inter- und intragruppal analysiert. Im Zentrum stehen die beiden Anwerbegruppen aus dem ehemaligen Jugoslawien und der Türkei. Um das Ausmaß der Ungleichheit bewerten und die Komplexität abbilden zu können, wird das MDR-Profil dieser Herkunftsgruppen als neues Instrument entwickelt. Es setzt sich aus der intergenerationalen Mobilitätsrate, der Dissimilaritätsquote zwischen den Gleichaltrigen und dem Rechtsungleichheitswert zwischen den eingebürgerten und nicht eingebürgerten Gleichaltrigen innerhalb jeder Herkunftsgruppe zusammen. Auf Basis einer kritischen Betrachtung unterschiedlicher früherer Forschungsergebnisse zur intergenerationalen Mobilität der ex-jugoslawischen und türkischen Herkunftsgruppen wird der Kriterienkatalog migrationsspezifischer Datenanalyse QS MIGDA entwickelt. Er setzt sich aus den fünf Komponenten Herkunftskontext, Rechtsstatus, Generationenabgrenzung/Geburtsland, Altersgruppenabgrenzung und Prüfung der adäquaten Größe der Zielpopulation in der Stichprobe zusammen. Das Ergebnis ordnet sich in den Erklärungsansatz der aus den USA stammenden Segmentierten Assimilation ein. Zur Anwendung des MDR-Profils als Instrument der komparativen Ungleichheitsanalyse von europäischen Einwanderungsländern wurde der Erklärungsansatz der Segmentierten Assimilation um die Dimension der gesellschaftlichen Makrofaktoren (nationales Selbstverständnis, Rechtssystems, Wohlfahrtsstaatstyp, Wirtschaftsstruktur und Bildungssystem) erweitert und mit dem Begriff der Segmentierten Partizipation neu gefasst.In this dissertation educational certificates and professional positions are used to discuss equality of opportunities in societies of immigration. The focus is on immigrants from former Yugoslavia and Turkey, the data-base is the Austrian census 2001. The core is the MDR-profile, an instrument constructed to estimate the magnitude of inequality while acknowledging its complexity. The MDR-profile consists of three dimensions. The first dimension „M“ (Intergenerationale Mobilitäts-Rate) pertains to intergenerational mobility within each group of origin, the second dimension „D“ (Dissimilaritätsquote) describes the dissimilarity between same age-cohorts of different groups of origin and the third dimension „R“ (Rechtsungleichheitswert) calculates the differences between naturalized and non-naturalized second generation of each particular group of origin. In combination the MDR-values lend themselves to a group profile giving a rough quantification in each of the three dimensions of inequality. In a synopsis and reevaluation of earlier research results on intergenerational mobility of migrants from former Yugoslavia and Turkey stark contradictions were identified. As a consequence a catalogue of five criterias for quality assurance of migration specific data-analyses is presented: country/region of origin, legal status, generation=non/native born, age cohort and number of target persons in sample. As explanatory approach to inequality in countries of immigration the US-based model of „Segmented Assimilation“ is used as a starting point. To implement the MDR-profile as an instrument for for country comparative analyses in the European context the model was adapted. To this end a macro-dimension with five key-elements was added: national self-understanding, legal system, welfarestate type, structure of economic system, structure of educational system. The adapted model was renamed „Segmented Participation“ to better suit the European context, not least because the term assimilation has a different and more restrictive meaning than in the US

Integration trajectories: A mixed method approach

In contrast to the Austrian discourse on integration in the 1970s and 1980s, when socially marginalised strata of the domestic population were at the centre of attention, in the 1990s the focus of political and media debates around the concept of integration shifted to a problematisation of ‘cultural differences’ of foreign workers. In academic research, too, theoretical approaches to immigration and integration diversified, but many of them still approach the topic from the perspective of the nation-state and majority society. Although some attempts of discussing migration and integration processes from a life course perspective exist (primarily in the US-American context, e.g. Portes and Rumbaut 2001), much of the existing literature pays hardly any attention to the complex interplay between individual action, prior life history and structural embedding