Effects of Two Intake Levels of \u3cem\u3eLeucaena leucocephala\u3c/em\u3e on Rumen Function of Sheep

Ruminant production systems based on grass pastures often produce poor animal performance as expressed by growth or reproductive rates. The nutrient imbalance affecting rumen function is due to their low energy and protein intake. The incorporation of leguminous forages such as Leucaena leucocephala, in the diet of ruminants, can stimulate rumen function by providing protein-rich forage (Barros-Rodriguez et al. 2012). This increases the availability of compounds such as ammonia, amino acids and peptides as well as branched short-chain fatty acids, which are produced as a result of degradation of proteins. These substances promote fibre breakdown by acting as ruminal growth activators for rumen bacteria, especially cellulolytic bacteria (Hoover and Stokes 1991). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 2 intake levels of L. leucocephala on rumen function of sheep fed Pennisetum purpureum

Structural conformation and self‐assembly process of p31‐43 gliadin peptide in aqueous solution. Implications for celiac disease

Celiac Disease (CeD) is a highly prevalent chronic immune-mediated enteropathy developed in genetically predisposed individuals after ingestion of a group of wheat proteins (called gliadins and glutenins). The 13mer α-gliadin peptide, p31-43, induces proinflammatory responses, observed by in vitro assays and animal models, that may contribute to innate immune mechanisms of CeD pathogenesis. Since a cellular receptor for p31-43 has not been identified, this raises the question of whether this peptide could mediate different biological effects. In this work, we aimed to characterize the p31-43 secondary structure by different biophysical and in silico techniques. By Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and using an oligomer/fibril-sensitive fluorescent probe, we showed the presence of oligomers of this peptide in solution. Furthermore, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis showed p31-43 oligomers with different height distribution. Also, peptide concentration had a very strong influence on peptide self-organization process. Oligomers gradually increased their size at lower concentration. Whereas, at higher ones, oligomers increased their complexity, forming branched structures. By Circular Dichroism, we observed that p31-43 self-organized in a poly-proline II conformation in equilibrium with βsheets-like structures, whose pH remained stable in the range of 3 to 8. In addition, these findings were supported by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. The formation of p31-43 nanostructures with increased β-sheet structure may help to explain the molecular etiopathogenesis in the induction of pro-inflammatory effects and subsequent damage at the intestinal mucosa in CeD.Fil: Herrera, Maria Georgina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Gomez Castro, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos; ArgentinaFil: Prieto, Eduardo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas; ArgentinaFil: Barrera Guisasola, Exequiel Ernesto. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; Uruguay. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Dodero, Veronica Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universitat Bielefeld; AlemaniaFil: Pantano Gutierrez, Sergio Fabian. Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo; UruguayFil: Chirdo, Fernando Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos; Argentin

p31-43 Gliadin Peptide Forms Oligomers and Induces NLRP3 Inflammasome/Caspase 1- Dependent Mucosal Damage in Small Intestine

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy elicited by a Th1 response to gluten peptides in the small intestine of genetically susceptible individuals. However, it remains unclear what drives the induction of inflammatory responses of this kind against harmless antigens in food. In a recent work, we have shown that the p31-43 peptide (p31-43) from α-gliadin can induce an innate immune response in the intestine and that this may initiate pathological adaptive immunity. The receptors and mechanisms responsible for the induction of innate immunity by p31-43 are unknown and here we present evidence that this may reflect conformational changes in the peptide that allow it to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Administration of p31-43, but not scrambled or inverted peptides, to normal mice induced enteropathy in the proximal small intestine, associated with increased production of type I interferon and mature IL-1β. P31-43 showed a sequence-specific spontaneous ability to form structured oligomers and aggregates in vitro and induced activation of the ASC speck complex. In parallel, the enteropathy induced by p31-43 in vivo did not occur in the absence of NLRP3 or caspase 1 and was inhibited by administration of the caspase 1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk. Collectively, these findings show that p31-43 gliadin has an intrinsic propensity to form oligomers which trigger the NLRP3 inflammasome and that this pathway is required for intestinal inflammation and pathology when p31-43 is administered orally to mice. This innate activation of the inflammasome may have important implications in the initial stages of CD pathogenesis.Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológico

Research results applied to the field of health: how experience impacts the classroom and society

The Health Sciences Faculty of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira has been advancing in the generation of new knowledge and has explored various fields of knowledge. This book presents four pieces of research that have a lot to do with new trends, both in the training of human talent in health, and in the way in which knowledge and technology are applied to solutions to context problems. In this case, it is important to mention the role that high-fidelity clinical simulation has been gaining in the training processes of our students, more specifically the use of theater and the “standardized patients” strategy, in the promotion of professional criteria. The positive impact of a focused training is evident, both in the conceptual development of the individual, and in the appropriation of his role as an agent of social change. The theater promotes an intentional interaction with which knowledge, skills and attitudes can be explored in a medical training process. Likewise, theater has been used as a useful tool in the introduction of therapeutic elements in hospital spaces, such as pediatric, oncology or mental health wards, promoting various ways of interacting with medical staff, or exploring personal aspects. that can improve the clinical evolution of patients. Clinical simulation also contemplates a series of technological elements that, when used for educational purposes, can also promote performance analysis of cognitive, technical, and dexterity skills. This is the case of the clinical simulation put to the service of a CPR skills analysis project, in which, through sensors and performance variables such as force, pressure or response time, they can account for advances in CPR training processes, both for university communities and for health professionals.PregradoCONTENT Introduction ....................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE Project Jai Kazhirua: Actors for clinical simulation .......................................................9 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Heidy Yicel Mesa Arenas and Andrés Felipe Ramírez Herrera CHAPTER TWO Implementation of a flipped classroom methodology in the medical physiology course in the Faculty of Health Sciences ...................................................31 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Diego Fernando López Zapata, Óscar Alonso Pinzón Duque, Andrés Mauricio García Cuevas, Martha Doris Morales Medina and Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao CHAPTER THREE SANAR RIENDO (HEALING LAUGHTER): humor therapy for pediatric hospitalized patients.................................................................................53 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Heidy Yicel Mesa Arenas and Andrés Felipe Ramírez Herrera CHAPTER FOUR CPR performance characteristics of emergency teams in the city of Pereira, Colombia .....................................................................................................77 Giovanni García Castro, Yamileth Estrada Berrio, Johana Andrea Méndez Timaná, and Sandra Milena Bedoya Gaviri

Venous thromboembolism in heart transplant recipients: Incidence, recurrence and predisposing factors

[Abstract] Background. A high frequency of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been observed after lung, kidney, and liver transplantation. However, data about the incidence of this complication among heart transplant (HT) recipients are lacking. Methods. We analyzed the incidence, recurrence, and predisposing factors of VTE in a single-center cohort of 635 patients who underwent HT from April 1991 to April 2013. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) were considered as VTE episodes. Results. During a median post-transplant follow-up of 8.4 years, 62 VTE episodes occurred in 54 patients (8.5%). Incidence rates of VTE, DVT, and PE were, respectively, 12.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7–16.3), 8.4 (95% CI, 6.0–11.4), and 7.0 (95% CI 4.8–9.7) episodes per 1,000 patient-years. Incidence rates of VTE during the first post-transplant year and beyond were, respectively, 45.1 (95% CI, 28.9–67.1) and 8.7 (95% CI 6.2–11.2) episodes per 1,000 patient-years. The incidence rate of VTE recurrence after a first VTE episode was 30.5 (95% CI, 13.2–60.2) episodes per 1,000 patient-years. By means of multivariable Cox regression, chronic renal dysfunction, older age, obesity, and the use of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors were identified as independent risk factors for VTE among HT recipients. Conclusions. VTE is a frequent complication after HT, mainly during the first post-operative year. In view of a high recurrence rate, long-term anti-coagulation should be considered in HT recipients who experience a first VTE episode

Usefulness of the INTERMACS scale for predicting outcomes after urgent heart transplantation

[Abstract] Introduction and objectives. Our aim was to assess the prognostic value of the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) scale in patients undergoing urgent heart transplantation (HT). Methods. Retrospective analysis of 111 patients treated with urgent HT at our institution from April, 1991 to October, 2009. Patients were retrospectively assigned to three levels of the INTERMACS scale according to their clinical status before HT. Results. Patients at the INTERMACS 1 level (n = 31) more frequently had ischemic heart disease (p = 0.03) and post-cardiothomy shock (p = 0.02) than patients at the INTERMACS 2 (n = 55) and INTERMACS 3-4 (n = 25) levels. Patients at the INTERMACS 1 level showed higher preoperative catecolamin doses (p = 0.001), a higher frequency of use of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001), intraaortic balloon (p = 0.002) and ventricular assist devices (p = 0.002), and a higher frequency of preoperative infection (p = 0.015). The INTERMACS 1 group also presented higher central venous pressure (p = 0.02), AST (p = 0.002), ALT (p = 0.006) and serum creatinine (p < 0.001), and lower hemoglobin (p = 0.008) and creatinine clearance (p = 0.001). After HT, patients at the INTERMACS 1 level had a higher incidence of primary graft failure (p = 0.03) and postoperative need for renal replacement therapy (p = 0.004), and their long-term survival was lower than patients at the INTERMACS 2 (log rank 5.1, p = 0.023; HR 3.1, IC 95% 1.1-8.8) and INTERMACS 3-4 level (log rank 6.1, p = 0.013; HR 6.8, IC 95% 1.2-39.1). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the INTERMACS scale may be a useful tool to stratify postoperative prognosis after urgent HT.[Resumen] Introducción y objetivos. Analizar el valor pronóstico de la escala INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) en pacientes tratados con trasplante cardiaco urgente. Métodos. Análisis retrospectivo de 111 pacientes tratados con trasplante cardiaco urgente en nuestro centro entre abril de 1991 y octubre de 2009. Se asignó retrospectivamente a los pacientes a tres niveles de la escala INTERMACS en función de su situación clínica previa al trasplante cardiaco. Resultados. Los pacientes del grupo INTERMACS 1 (n = 31) presentaban mayor frecuencia de cardiopatía isquémica (p = 0,03) y shock tras cardiotomía (p = 0,02) que los pacientes del grupo INTERMACS 2 (n = 55) y los pacientes del grupo INTERMACS 3-4 (n = 25), así como mayores dosis de catecolaminas (p = 0,001), mayor empleo de ventilación mecánica (p < 0,001), balón de contrapulsación (p = 0,002) y dispositivos de asistencia ventricular (p = 0,002) y mayores tasas de infección preoperatoria (p = 0,015). El grupo INTERMACS 1 también mostraba mayores cifras de presión venosa central (p = 0,02), GOT (p = 0,002), GPT (p = 0,006) y creatinina (p < 0,001) y menores cifras de hemoglobina (p = 0,008) y aclaramiento de creatinina (p = 0,001). Tras el trasplante cardiaco, los pacientes del grupo INTERMACS 1 presentaron mayores incidencias de fracaso primario del injerto (p = 0,03) y necesidad de terapia de sustitución renal (p = 0,004), y su supervivencia a largo plazo fue menor que la de los pacientes de los grupos INTERMACS 2 (log rank = 5,1; p = 0,023; razón de riesgos [HR] = 3,1; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,4-6,8) e INTERMACS 3-4 (log rank = 6,1; p = 0,013; HR = 4; IC del 95%, 1,3-12,3). Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados indican que la escala INTERMACS resulta útil para estratificar el pronóstico postoperatorio tras el trasplante cardiaco urgente

Payment Systems Report - June of 2019

For the last decade, Banco de la República has provided oversight of the local financial infrastructure as an additional contribution to support the country’s financial stability. This is a function performed by most central banks the world over, because they recognize infrastructure as being an essential component of financial markets. Infrastructure that functions properly helps to maintain and promote financial stability, being that it plays a fundamental role in the financial system and in the economy. In the Colombian case, the oversight of the country’s financial infrastructures began formally a decade ago, when External Resolution 5/2009 was issued and the authority to oversight that infrastructures was given to Banco de la República by its Board of Directors. Since then, the oversight has been formal and systematic. To commemorate ublication of the tenth edition of the Payment Systems Report, which is one of the products of financial infrastructure oversight, a section describing this function is included herein, explaining its need, responsibilities, scope, and activities. On this occasion, in addition to the traditional section providing figures on the local financial infrastructure and describing its behavior (Section One), we have included several highlights that underscore the more relevant aspects of how infrastructure for clearing and settling financial assets has evolved in the last decade. Special emphasis is afforded to the Colombian Central Counterparty Clearing House (CRCC), marking its ten years of operation. There also is a box describing how the company has increased its supply of products for clearing and settlement, and how, as a result, the open positions of its settlement members have performed likewise. At the same time, its risk management model has evolved structurally in response to regulatory adjustments, compliance with international standards, or decisions taken unilaterally by the CRCC, the idea being to have the necessary resources to mitigate exposure to counterparty and liquidity risk. In this way, the CRCC has become a undamentally important player in the Colombian financial market. Therefore, it is appropriate that the CRCC continue to be monitored by the country’s financial authorities. Another box included in this report offers an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of lengthening the cash market settlement period in Colombia, which is another topic of interest. Currently, the clearing and settlement time for a cash transaction in most international markets is two business days (t + 2). In Colombia, nearly all peso/dollar and government and private debt transactions on the spot market are cleared and settled on the same trading day (t + 0). This box analyzes the possible implications of Colombia approximating the international standard. Retail-value payment systems (understood as operations carried out within the circuit of private individuals and companies), such as the use of payment instruments (cash, debit and credit cards, checks and electronic funds transfers), also must be monitored to identify their availability and the public’s preferences for these instruments and their acceptance by commercial establishments. With that in mind, three surveys have been conducted in the last decade to gauge how the use of payment instruments is perceived. A comparison of the findings of these three measurements is presented in a section of this report, and an analysis of that comparison indicates the use of payment instruments other than cash for daily payments is still low. Although their ownership and use by the general public is increasing, their acceptance by some commercial establishments remains limited. In keeping with efforts to oversight innovations in payment processes, the report also includes a box that explores the participation of large, global technology companies in the retail-value payment market. The payment services they offer are associated with innovative payment methods, such as “non-contact” or indirect technology, or by means of devices such as mobile phones, the use of debit and credit cards via applications, and channels such as the mobile network, POS terminals, and the Internet. In other words, these innovations are concentrated in the first stage of the payment process, without altering the other stages, such as traditional payment instruments, channels and systems. Finally, with respect to work in the area of applied research, the fourth section of this report describes how the cryptoasset system operates. It has two fundamental elements. The first is comprised of the agents who participate in the system; namely, cryptoasset users, and the agents who provide them with services. The second includes the digital asset and the underlying technology platform; together they support interaction between the agents in the crypto asset system. As explained in the respective box, the cryptoasset system is not isolated entirely from the financial system, which it pretends do without. In other words, users cannot extract themselves from the traditional financial system as long as cryptoassets have yet to be adopted on a mass scale, which so far assumes there is a connection between both systems. Juan José Echavarría Governo

Payment Systems Report - June of 2021

Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governo

Reflexiones universitarias. San Pedro Valencia: renovación urbana, saneamiento ambiental y emprendimientos turísticos. Otoño 2015

Los trabajos que aquí se presentan se elaboraron por las y los estudiantes como parte de las actividades del Proyecto de Aplicación Profesional (PAP) “San Pedro Valencia: renovación urbana, saneamiento ambiental y emprendimientos turísticos”, durante el periodo de Otoño de 2015. A lo largo del periodo los autores compartieron sus reflexiones en torno a su percepción sobre el contexto en el que actúa el PAP; sobre las alternativas posibles a la problemática detectada y lo que significa pensar una alternativa; sobre los sujetos con los que se ha interactuado a lo largo de la experiencia de trabajo y sobre el papel del profesionista y del ciudadano en un mundo como el que nos tocó vivir. La obra está compuesta por reflexiones personales de las y los estudiantes que, explorando estas temáticas, comparten sus aprendizajes y observaciones de forma vívida.ITESO, A.C