PENENTUAN SKRINING FITOKIMIA, PARAMETER SPESIFIK DAN NON SPESIFIK EKSTRAK UMBI BAWANG HUTAN (Eleutherine americana Merr)

ABSTRAKBawang Hutan (Eleutherine americana Merr) digunakan oleh masyarakat sangihe sebagai obat untuk mengobati kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan skrining fitokimia, parameter spesifik dan non spesifik ekstrak umbi bawang hutan (Eleutherine americana Merr) yang mencakup penetapan parameter spesifik (uji identifikasi ekstrak, uji organoleptik dan senyawa yang larut dalam alkohol), parameter non spesifik (Susut pengeringan, Kadar air dan kadar abu). Metode penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium. Awalnya sampel umbi bawang hutan diekstraksi maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 95% kemudian dievaporasi hingga didapatkan ekstrak kental. Hasil ekstrak umbi bawang hutan menghasilkan kandungan kimia flavonoid, alkaloid, glikosida, saponin, tanin, dan triterpenoid, ekstrak etanol umbi bawang hutan (Eleutherine americana Merr) berbentuk kental, berwarna merah pekat, bau seperti gula aren, kadar senyawa larut etanol 40,7%, Penetapan susut pengeringan 0,79%, kadar air yang diperoleh 0,616%, kadar abu yang diperoleh 0,684%. Kata kunci: Umbi bawang hutan, skrining fitokimia, parameter spesifik dan non spesifik.  ABSTRACTForest onion (Eleutherine americana Merr) used by society of sangihe as a medicine for cancer. This research aimed to determined phytochemical screening, determination of specific and non-specific parameters forest onion extract that encompass determination of specific parameter (extract identificafion test, organoleptic test and compound that dissolve in alcohol test), non-specific parameters (drying shrinkage, concentration of water and ash content). This research methods is experimental laboratorium. Initially, the sample of forest onion bulbs was extracted by maceration with 95% ethanol solvent and then evaporated to obtain a thick extract. The results of the extract of forest onion bulbs produce chemical content of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids, ethanol extract of forest onion bulbs (Eleutherine americana Merr) is thick, dark red in color, smells like palm sugar, the content of ethanol soluble compounds is 40.7%, the determination of drying shrinkage is 0.79%, the water content obtained is 0.616%, and the ash content obtained is 0.684%. Keywords: Forest onion, phytochemical screening, specific and non-specific parameter

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIMIKROBA EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI ALGA Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J.Argadh DARI PERAIRAN DESA TUMBAK, MINAHASA TENGGARA TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans

ABSTRACTAlgae are chromista that live in the ocean, some are stranded on the beach, attached to rocks with a kind of root adhesives. Algae produce many compounds, which can be used as antimicrobial and anticancer. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of the extracts and fractions of Turbinaria ornata algae collected from the of Ponteng Island waters, Tumbak, Southeast Minahasa against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Turbinaria ornata algae were extracted using maceration method with 96% of ethanol solvent and fractionation using a partition method with n-hexane, chloroform and methanol as well as antimicrobial testing using the Kirby Bauer diffusion method. The results of this study indicate that ethanol extract of algae Turbinaria ornata has moderate category of antimicrobial activity in methanol, n-hexane and chloroform fractions with an average inhibition of 7.33 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Keywords: Antimicrobials, Extraction, Fractionation, Turbinaria ornata  ABSTRAKAlga merupakan chromista yang hidup lautan ada yang terdampar di pinggir pantai, melekat pada batu-batuan dengan alat pelekat semacam akar. Alga banyak menghasilkan senyawa yang dapat digunakan sebagai antimikroba dan antikanker, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak dan fraksi alga Turbinaria ornata yang dikoleksi dari perairan pulau Ponteng, desa Tumbak, Minahasa Tenggara terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans. Alga Turbinaria ornata diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96% dan fraksinasi menggunakan metode partisi dengan pelarut n-heksan, kloroform dan metanol serta pengujian antimikroba menggunakan metode difusi agar Kirby Bauer. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol Alga Turbinaria ornata memiliki aktivitas antimikroba  kategori sedang pada fraksi metanol, n-heksan dan kloroform dengan daya hambat rata-rata 7,33 mm terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Candida albicans. Kata kunci: Antimikroba, Ekstraksi, Fraksinasi, Turbinaria ornat

ANALISIS KINERJA DENGAN METODE BALANCED SCORECARD PADA RSUD.S.K.LERIK KOTA KUPANG

This research aim to know the performance of RSUD S. K. Lerik Kota Kupang that measured byBalanced Scorecard approaching. The research method is case study, with analytical techniquereferring to Balanced Scorecard approaching, those are Financial Perspective, Customer Perspective,Internal Business Process Perspective and Learning And Growth Perspective. The results of theanalysis show that Financial Perspective as measured by the Economic Ratio is categorized as"Very Economical", the Efficiency Ratio is categorized as "Not Efficient" and the EffectivenessRatio is categorized as "Very Effective". The Customer Perspective for Patient Satisfaction isincluded in the "Good" category and Customer Acquisition is in the "Good" category. For InternalBusiness Process Perspective, IGD building and bedding improvement (BOR) is categorized as"Good Enough" and TOI is also categorized as "Good". For Learning And Growth Perspective,Employee Satisfaction level is in the "Good" category, and for Productivity, employees of RSUD S.K. Lerik Kota Kupang had not maximized in revenue increasing. Thus, RSUD S. K. Lerik KotaKupang should pay attention to each perspective to improve its performanceKeywords : Performance, Balanced Scorecar

A comparison of multiple Rosetta data sets and 3D model calculations of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko coma around equinox (May 2015)

We have used the latest available shape model for gas and dust simulations of the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for the period around May 2015 (equinox). We compare results from a purely insolation-driven model with a complementary set of observations made by ROSINA, VIRTIS, MIRO, and OSIRIS within the same period. The observations include - for the first time - inverted MIRO measurements of gas density, temperature and bulk velocity to constrain the model. The comparisons show that, as in November 2014 (Marschall et al., 2016), insolation-driven activity does not provide an adequate fit to the data. Both VIRTIS and MIRO observations indicate that emissions from the Hatmehit and Imhotep regions of the nucleus are strongly depleted in total gas, H2O, and dust emissions in this case. The MIRO inversion provides a challenging constraint to the models as a consequence of the terminator orbit and nucleus pointing of the spacecraft. Nonetheless a consistent picture with a dominance of outgassing from the Hapi region, even at equinox, is clearly evident. An inhomogeneous model consistent with models proposed for the November 2014 time-frame was constructed and provides a better fit to the data. As far as we are aware this is the first time comae data from four Rosetta instruments have been used to constrain within one self-contained model the emission distribution at the nucleus surface and study the dynamics of the gas and dust outflow

Surface morphology of comets and associated evolutionary processes: a review of Rosetta’s observations of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Comets can be regarded as active planetary bodies because they display evidence for nearly all fundamental geological processes, which include impact cratering, tectonism, and erosion. Comets also display sublimation-driven outgassing, which is comparable to volcanism on larger planetary bodies in that it provides a conduit for delivering materials from the interior to the surface. However, in the domain of active geological bodies, comets occupy a special niche since their geologic activity is almost exclusively driven by externally supplied energy (i.e. solar energy) as opposed to an internal heat source, which makes them “seasonally-active” geological bodies. During their active phase approaching the Sun, comets also develop a transient atmosphere that interacts with the surface and contributes to its evolution, particularly by transporting materials across the surface. Variations in solar energy input on diurnal and seasonal scale cause buildup of thermal stresses within consolidated materials that lead to weathering through fracturing, and eventually mass-wasting. The commonly irregular shapes of comets also play a major role in their evolution by leading to (1) non-uniform gravitational forces that affect material movement across the surface, and (2) spatially heterogeneous outgassing patterns that affect the comet’s orbital dynamics and lead to tidal stresses that can further fracture the nucleus. In this chapter, we review the surface morphology of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko as well as its seasonal evolution as viewed by Rosetta from August 2014 to September 2016, their link to various processes, and the forces that drive surface evolution

On understanding multi-instrument Rosetta data of the innermost dust and gas coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - results, strengths, and limitations of models

Numerical models are powerful tools for understanding the connection between the emitted gas and dust from the surface of comets and the subsequent expansion into space where remote sensing instruments can perform measurements. We will present such a predictive model which can provide synthetic measurements for multiple instruments on board ESA's Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P). We will demonstrate why a multi instrument approach is essential and how models can be used to constrain the gas and dust source distribution on the surface

Analisis Kinerja dengan Metode Balanced Scorecard pada Rsud.s.k.lerik Kota Kupang

This research aim to know the performance of RSUD S. K. Lerik Kota Kupang that measured byBalanced Scorecard approaching. The research method is case study, with analytical techniquereferring to Balanced Scorecard approaching, those are Financial Perspective, Customer Perspective,Internal Business Process Perspective and Learning And Growth Perspective. The results of theanalysis show that Financial Perspective as measured by the Economic Ratio is categorized as"Very Economical", the Efficiency Ratio is categorized as "Not Efficient" and the EffectivenessRatio is categorized as "Very Effective". The Customer Perspective for Patient Satisfaction isincluded in the "Good" category and Customer Acquisition is in the "Good" category. For InternalBusiness Process Perspective, IGD building and bedding improvement (BOR) is categorized as"Good Enough" and TOI is also categorized as "Good". For Learning And Growth Perspective,Employee Satisfaction level is in the "Good" category, and for Productivity, employees of RSUD S.K. Lerik Kota Kupang had not maximized in revenue increasing. Thus, RSUD S. K. Lerik KotaKupang should pay attention to each perspective to improve its performanc

NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MECHANISM UNDER LOW PRESSURES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MASS MOVEMENTS ON MARS

International audienceIntroduction: During experimental simulation work in 2017, we discovered a new sediment transport mechanism: "levitation" of saturated sediment bodies on a cushion of vapor released by boiling [1,2], which can trigger dry avalanches. This mechanism only occurs under low, Mars-like pressures with a relatively 'warm' surface. The combination of levitation with dry avalanches engenders a large increase in the amount of sediment transported by small amounts of water. Sediment levitation must therefore be considered when evaluating the formation of recent and present-day martian mass wasting features such as gullies and recurring slope lineae (RSL), as much less water may be required to transport sediment than previously thought [1]. Our lat-est experimental campaign focussed on the influence of different slope angles and water flow rates, as well as refining the results from our former experiments [1,2] by using better hardware. Background: Recent and present-day downslope sediment transport has been observed and analyzed in gullies and RSL: the activity of gullies is often attributed to CO 2 ice sublimation and dry avalanches [3,4,5], activity of RSL is explained by liquid briny flows [6,7] or dry mechanisms [8,9]. However, past gully activity has often been attributed to liquid water, such as the melting of surface ice [10], melting of snowpacks at high obliq-uity [11], or groundwater aquifers [12]. Furthermore, recent formation and/or activity of gullies within the last millions of years show a variety of morphological types (e.g., classic gullies, linear gullies) at different latitudes (and therefore different climatic conditions) and on different substrates (e.g., sand dunes, dust-ice mantle). Together , this indicates different formation mechanisms or a combination of different mechanisms and, no proposed formation mechanism has been completely excluded. Our past experiments [1,2] have shown that the involvement of liquid water, which is unstable at current martian conditions, should not be excluded as a triggering factor for recent or present-day mass wasting activities on the martian surface. When surface temperatures are high enough, water at the surface of Mars will boil, which causes the effect of "levitation". This is similar to the Leidenfrost effect [13] but with a sand-water mixture , rather than a simple liquid, and a granular sediment bed instead of a solid surface. This process on Mars can be generated under much lower temperatures than o

The effect of thermal conductivity on the outgassing and local gas dynamics from cometary nuclei

Aims. The aim of this work is to investigate the parameters influencing the generation of the inner comae of a comet with a spherical nucleus and to model the gas activity distribution around its nuclei. Here, we investigate the influence of thermal conductivity combined with sub-surface H2O and CO2-ice sources on insolation-driven sublimation and the resulting gas flow field. In the process, we adopted some of the rotational and surface properties of the target of the Rosetta mission, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/CG). Methods. We used a simplified model of heat transport through the surface layer to establish sublimation rates from a H2O- and CO2-ice sub-surface into a vacuum. We then applied the 3D Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method to model the coma as a sublimation-driven flow. The free parameters of the model were used to test the range of effects arising from thermal inertia and the depth of the source on the gas outflow. Results. Thermal inertia and the depth of the sublimation front can have a strong effect on the emission distribution of the flow at the surface. In models with a thermal inertia up to 80 TIU (thermal inertia units: J m−2 K−1 s−1∕2), the H2O distribution can be rotated about the rotation axis by about 20° relative to models with no thermal lag. For CO2, the maximum activity can be shifted towards the sunset terminator with activity going far into the nightside for cases with low thermal diffusivity. The presence of a small amount of CO2 can reduce the presence of H2O by at least an order of magnitude on the nightside by blocking H2O flow. In addition, CO2 can also decrease the speed of the mixed flow in the same region up to 200 m s−1, compared to cases with no CO2 activity. Conclusions. Even low values of the thermal inertia can substantially modify the gas flow field. Including CO2 leads to strong variations in the local CO2/H2O density ratio between the dayside and nightside. CO2 can dominate the gas composition above the nightside and can also act to modify the H2O flow field close to the terminator

Evolution of the mechanical properties of two precipitation hardening stainless steels after ageing at 400°C comparison between 15-5PH and 13-8PH

International audienc