Diseño de estructura de pavimento articulado y diseño geométrico vial de 1.1 km del tramo Yaúle-Yaúle abajo, ubicado en el Municipio de Matagalpa, por el método de AASHTO 93

Presenta el diseño geométrico vial y estructura de pavimento Articulado (Adoquinado) de 1.1 km de longitud, el cual se encuentra ubicado en la comunidad Yaúle, Municipio de Matagalpa, conteniendo los siguientes capítulos. Se abordan las generalidades del proyecto, ubicado del tramo en estudio, introducción, antecedentes, justificación sobre la importancia del diseño de 1.1 km de adoquinado y los objetivos propuestos para lograr con éxito su diseño mediante el método AASHTO 93

Co-ocurrencia de Chattonella marina y Gymnodinium catenatum en laBahía de LaPaz, Golfo de California (primavera2009)

During the period of 24 March to 14 May 2009, water and net samples were obtained for phytoplankton analyses; one aliquot was fixed in Lugol´s solution for species quantification and identification. Net samples were used for the identification of live phytoplankton species. Additionally, temperature in situ, chlorophyll a and inorganic nutrients were measured weekly in three stations. Two species were identified: Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Y. Hara et Chihara and Gymnodinium catenatum Graham. Chattonella marina was the most abundant species with a density at subsurface level of 14 × 103 to 36 × 103 cell L-1 . Gymnodinium catenatum had densities were of 1 × 103 to 19 × 103 cell L-1 . Water column temperature was quasi homogeneous from surface to 20 m in depth, with an interval of 19.5 to 22.0 °C and 20.0 to 21.5 °C from March to April respectively. In the middle of May stratification of the water column initiated with a slight temperature difference of 5.0 °C recorded from surface to 20 m in depth. Nitrates varied from 0.5 to 11.0 µM and orthophosphates from 0.4 to 2.6 µM. Chlorophyll a showed a value at surface level of 7.5 mg m-3 and 3.5 mg m-3 at 20 m in March; in May chlorophyll a values ranged between 2.0 to 7.0 mg m-3 . We conclude that the presence of these two species during this study period was associated to the relaxation of the mixing processes in the zoneDurante el período del 24 de marzo al 14 de mayo de 2009 en la Bahía de La Paz, se obtuvieron muestras de agua y de red para análisis de fitoplancton. Una alícuota se fijó con una solución de Lugol para la identificación y cuantificación, la de red se utilizó para la identificación in vivo. Semanalmente se midió la temperatura in situ, se determinaron nutrientes inorgánicos y clorofila a en tres estaciones. Se identificaron dos especies: Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Y. Hara et Chihara y Gymnodinium catenatum Graham. Chattonella marina fue la especie más abundante con densidades de 14 × 103 a 36 × 103 cél. L-1 a nivel sub-superficial. Gymnodinium catenatum se registró con densidades de 1 × 103 a 19 × 103 cél. L-1 . La temperatura del agua fue homogénea desde la superficie hasta los 20 m de profundidad, con un intervalo de 19.5 a 22.0 °C y de 20.0 a 21.5 °C a finales de marzo y abril respectivamente. En la primera mitad de mayo se inició la estratificación, con una diferencia térmica de 5.0 °C entre la superficie y los 20 m. Los nitratos variaron de 0.5 a 11.0 µM y los ortofosfatos de 0.4 a 2.6 µM. La clorofila a en marzo presentó un valor en superficie de 7.5 mg m-3 y a 20 m de 3.5 mg m-3 , en mayo varió de 2.0 a 7.0 mg m-3 . Se concluye que la aparición de las dos especies observadas en este estudio se asocia a la disminución de los procesos de mezcla en esta bahía

Mass fish die-off during a diatom bloom in the Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California

An unusual fish die-off occurred during a bloom of diatoms from June 10th July 3rd 2006 in Bahía de La Paz in the Gulf of California. The prevalent organisms were Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (2.4 × 106 cells L1), Thalassiosira eccentrica (2.3 × 106 cells L1) and Chaetoceros spp. (9.65 x 105 cells L1). Three toxic species were identified: P. pseudodelicatissima-complex, P. fraudulenta, and P. pungens. Fucoxanthin was the dominant pigment during the bloom, peaking at 9.3 ?g L1. Sea surface temperature dramatically increased from 19.0 °C to 27.0 °C during the bloom, with inorganic nitrogen (1.0 ± 0.6 ?M) and Si(OH)4 (15.5 ± 8.0 ?M). Low content of domoic acid measured by HPLC-UV from net samples ranged from 24.0 to 52.0 ng per filter and tissue of the chocolate clam Megapitaria squalida (0.55 ?g g1) and the white clam Dosinia ponderosa (0.06 ?g g1). Domoic acid analysis of dead fish tissues was negative. Fish necropsy indicated that death by asphyxia was probably caused by Thalassiosira eccentrica and Chaetoceros spp. Alternate mixing processes and instability of the water column, as well as sudden changes of both temperature and nutrients created conditions for proliferation of the diatoms

Antagonism of two ascomycetes against Phytophthora capsici Leonian, causing wilt of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

"En esta investigación se evaluó la actividad antagónica y protección de plántulas in vitro del ascomiceto Xylaria poitei, y la actividad antagónica de éste en combinación con un ascomiceto desconocido (AD) contra P. capsici, causante de la marchitez del chile. Xylaria poitei protegió plántulas de chile y permitió la sobrevivencia de un 58.3% de las plántulas, mientras que el oomiceto causó 100% de mortandad; además este hongo inhibió el crecimiento micelial de P. capsici hasta un 49.6% en uno de los experimentos donde se establecieron confrontaciones duales. En confrontaciones triples ambos ascomicetos incrementan ligeramente su inhibición a los 12 días de establecida la confrontación contra P. capsici; y aún mantienen la inhibición del oomiceto cuatro días después. Ambos ascomicetos estimulan o inhiben su crecimiento en alguna fecha de evaluación durante la confrontación entre ellos. El medio líquido papa dextrosa expuesto al crecimiento de X. poitei (filtrado) tiene baja actividad contra el crecimiento micelial de P. capsici. Los resultados anteriores indican que la actividad antagónica de ambos ascomicetos contra P. capsici se incrementa cuando ambos crecen en forma combinada respecto a las confrontaciones duales, y sugieren que la actividad antagónica de X. poitei es estimulada por la presencia del oomicete.""In this study we evaluated the antagonistic activity and protection of seedlings in vitro of the ascomycete Xylaria poitei, and its antagonistic activity in combination with an unknown ascomycete (AD) against P. capsici, the cause of wilt in pepper. Xylariapoitei protected pepper seedlings and allowed 58.3% survival of seedlings, while the oomycete caused 100% mortality, besides this fungus inhibited the mycelial growth of P. capsici up to 49.6% in one of the experiments where they settled dual confrontations. In triple confrontations both ascomycetes increase slightly their inhibition at 12 days of confortation against P. capsici, and still maintain the inhibition of the oomycete four days later. It was observed that both ascomycetes stimulare or inhibit each other growth at some time during the evaluation of confortation. The potato dextrose liquid medium exposed to the growth of X. poitei (filtrate) has low activity against the mycelial growth of P. capsici. The above results indicate that the antagonistic activity of both ascomycetes againstbP. capsici increases when they grow in combination with respect to the dual confrontations, and suggest that the antagonistic activity of X. poitei is stimulated by the presence of the oomycete.

Glutaminase and MMP-9 downregulation in cortex and hippocampus of LPA1 receptor null mice correlate with altered dendritic spine plasticity

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an extracellular lipid mediator that regulates nervous system development and functions acting through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we explore the crosstalk between LPA1 receptor and glutamatergic transmission by examining expression of glutaminase (GA) isoforms in different brain areas isolated from wild-type (WT) and KOLPA1 mice. Silencing of LPA1 receptor induced a severe down-regulation of Gls-encoded long glutaminase protein variant (KGA) (glutaminase gene encoding the kidney-type isoforms, GLS) protein expression in several brain regions, particularly in brain cortex and hippocampus. Immunohistochemical assessment of protein levels for the second type of glutaminase (GA) isoform, glutaminase gene encoding the liver-type isoforms (GLS2), did not detect substantial differences with regard to WT animals. The regional mRNA levels of GLS were determined by real time RT-PCR and did not show significant variations, except for prefrontal and motor cortex values which clearly diminished in KO mice. Total GA activity was also significantly reduced in prefrontal and motor cortex, but remained essentially unchanged in the hippocampus and rest of brain regions examined, suggesting activation of genetic compensatory mechanisms and/or post-translational modifications to compensate for KGA protein deficit. Remarkably, Golgi staining of hippocampal regions showed an altered morphology of glutamatergic pyramidal cells dendritic spines towards a less mature filopodia-like phenotype, as compared with WT littermates. This structural change correlated with a strong decrease of active matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of KOLPA1 mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LPA signaling through LPA1 influence expression of the main isoenzyme of glutamate biosynthesis with strong repercussions on dendritic spines maturation, which may partially explain the cognitive and learning defects previously reported for this colony of KOLPA1 mice

Antagonistic activity of selected strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against Rhizoctonia solani of chili pepper

The aim of this work was to determine, in vitro, the antagonistic effectiveness of 60 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis against damping-off and root and stem rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani. The strains were obtained from the International Collection of Entomopathogenic Bacillus at the FCB-UANL. During the in vitro dual culture assay only 16 of the strains displayed an inhibitory effect. Six strains were chosen to be screened simultaneously by volatile antibiotics, thermostability and seedling assay. In the volatile antibiotics assay, the strains GM-11 and GM-121 showed the best inhibitory effect over R. solani growth. None of the strains showed an efficient antagonistic effect during the thermoestability assay. In seedling assay, majority of the antagonistic isolates, GM-23, GM-11and GM-121, were effective in the reduction of R. solani infection. In addition, GM-23 increased the length of pepper seedlings. These results suggest that the B. thuringiensis strains studied have an excellent potential to be used as bio-control agents of R. solani in chili pepper

Control biológico de la marchitez del chile (Capsicum annuum L.) por Bacillus thuringiensis

La expansión de la marchitez del chile en nuevas plantaciones y diferentes zonas productoras de México, y la dificultad en el control de la misma, obligan a desarrollar nuevas medidas de control. Se espera que las mismas auspicien mejores expectativas para el control de la enfermedad en el contexto de una estrategia de manejo integrado. El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de evaluar y determinar la capacidad antagónica de 64 cepas de Bacillus thuringiensis sobre Rhizoctonia solani, Phytophthora capsici y Fusarium oxysporum mediante estudios de cultivos duales en placas Petri. Las cepas de Bacillus thuringiensis provinieron de la Colección Internacional de Bacilos Entomopatógenos de la FCB-UANL. Fueron 16 cepas de B. thuringiensis que redujeron significativamente el crecimiento radial micelial de R. solani, 19 para P. capsici y ocho para F. oxysporum, después de tres días de incubación a 25°C. Por otra parte, las mejores cepas bacterianas se evaluaron en semillas de chile variedad Anaheim mediante pruebas de germinación bajo condiciones in vivo: se observó un incremento en el porcentaje de germinación en el caso del tratamiento de inoculación con B. thuringiensis sobre R. solani

Antagonismo de dos ascomicetos contra phytophthora capsici leonian, causante de la marchitez del chile (capsicum annuum l.)

En esta investigación se evaluó la actividad antagónica y protección de plántulas in vitro del ascomiceto Xylaria poitei, y la actividad antagónica de éste en combinación con un ascomiceto desconocido (AD) contra P. capsici, causante de la marchitez del chile. Xylaria poitei protegió plántulas de chile y permitió la sobrevivencia de un 58.3% de las plántulas, mientras que el oomiceto causó 100% de mortandad; además este hongo inhibió el crecimiento micelial de P. capsici hasta un 49.6% en uno de los experimentos donde se establecieron confrontaciones duales. En confrontaciones triples ambos ascomicetos incrementan ligeramente su inhibición a los 12 días de establecida la confrontación contra P. capsici; y aún mantienen la inhibición del oomiceto cuatro días después. Ambos ascomicetos estimulan o inhiben su crecimiento en alguna fecha de evaluación durante la confrontación entre ellos. El medio líquido papa dextrosa expuesto al crecimiento de X. poitei (filtrado) tiene baja actividad contra el crecimiento micelial de P. capsici. Los resultados anteriores indican que la actividad antagónica de ambos ascomicetos contra P. capsici se incrementa cuando ambos crecen en forma combinada respecto a las confrontaciones duales, y sugieren que la actividad antagónica de X. poitei es estimulada por la presencia del oomicete

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis