Proprioception training in soccer : development of the non-visual senso-motoric skills

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka om fotbollsspelare kan utveckla proprioception där visuell återkoppling systematiskt tas bort vid kontroll av bollen med fötterna. Frågeställningar: – Går det att utveckla förmågan att kontrollera bollen utan visuell återkoppling under en träningsperiod om fyra veckor och 12 träningspass?  – Hur förändras en fotbollsspelares prestation (kontroll av bollen) med avseende på en förbättrad proprioception med hänsyn tagen till: tid (sekunder), hastighet (varv/minut) samt antal tillfällen spelaren tittar respektive tappar boll? Metod Totalt 20 deltagare från ett pojkelitlag valdes ut och matchades inför träningsperioden in i en interventions- och en kontrollgrupp för att säkerhetsställa att båda grupperna var likvärdiga. Interventionsgruppen bestod av 12 deltagare, medelålder ± standardavvikelse (± SD) var 12,2 (± 0,2) år. Kontrollgruppen bestod av 8 deltagare, medelålder 12,0 (± 0,7) år. Interventionsgruppen har under fyra veckor genomfört fyra specifikt framtagna träningsövningar innehållandes uppvärmning inkluderat dribblingar och passningar, slalom, bollkontroll i lådram och smålagsspel. För att reducera testinlärningseffekten genomförde deltagarna ett introduktionspass innan förtestet. Under träningsperioden utfördes ett test-retest samt en träningseffektivitetsmätning. Efter avslutad träningsperiod genomfördes ett eftertest. Både under träningsperioden och vid testgenomförandet utrustades interventionsgruppen med specialdesignade glasögon för att på så sätt ta bort den visuella återkopplingen. Under förtestet fick alla deltagare bära ett gyro som mätte huvudvinkeln i sagittalplanet. ResultatFör interventionsgruppen i testövningen Lådan non-visuell uppgick resultatet till en förbättring med 50,9 % (p=0,001) och effect size (ES) =1,59 från för- till eftertest. Totalt antal bolltapp var 2 respektive 5 stycken. Kontrollgruppen presterade en förbättring om 4,7 % från för- till eftertest (p=0,306, ES=0,19). Totalt antal bolltapp var 2 respektive 4 stycken. Interventionsgruppen tillskrevs i testövningen Slalom non-visuell en förbättring om 24,9 % (p=0,004, ES=1,09). Kontrollgruppen försämrades med 12,6 % (p=0,105, ES=0,55). Interventiongruppens antal bolltapp vid för- och eftertest var 15 respektive 8 stycken. Kontrollgruppens antal bolltapp vid för- och eftertest var 5 respektive 3 stycken. Interventionsgruppens antal bolltitt var 18 respektive 9 stycken. Kontrollgruppens antal bolltitt var 10 respektive 3 stycken. Slutsats Det går att utveckla proprioceptionen genom att systematiskt ta bort visuell återkoppling vid kontroll av bollen med fötterna vid isolerade och fotbollsspecifika övningar. En förändring av den proprioceptiva förmågan yttrar sig genom att fotbollsspelare vid en given hastighet under isolerade fotbollsspecifika övningar minskar behovet av att se på bollen.Aim The aim of the study was to investigate whether soccer players can develop proprioception where visual feedback systematically is eliminated in the control of the ball with their feet. Following questions have been used in the study: – Is it possible to develop the ability to control the ball without visual feedback during a training period of four weeks and 12 training sessions? – How does a soccer player’s performance (control of the ball) change with respect to improved proprioception taking into account: time (seconds), velocity (laps/minutes) and the number of times the player looks at and loses the ball respectively? Method In total 20 participants from an elite boys’ team were chosenand matched into an intervention- and a control group before the training period to ensure each group’s representation should be equal. The intervention group consisted of 12 players, average age ± standard deviation (± SD) were12.2 (± 0.2) years. The control group consisted of 8 players, average age 12.0 (± 0.7) years. The intervention group has during a four week period performed four different specificexercises consisting of warm up including dribbling and passing, slalom, ball control in a box frame and small-sided games. In order to reduce the test learning effect, the participants performed an introduction session before the pre-test. A test and retest as well as a training efficiency measurement were performed during the training period. After completed training period a post-test was carried out. The intervention group was equipped with specially designed glasses during the training period, to reduce their visual feedback. All participants were equipped with a gyro to measure head angles within the sagittal plane in the pre-test. Results The result for the exercise The Box non visual was given an improvement of 50.9 % for the intervention group from pre- to post tests (p=0.001) and effect size (ES) =1.59. The total number of ball losses was 2 and 5 times, respectively. The control group performed an improvement of 4.7 % from pre- to post tests (p=0.306, ES=0.19). The total number of ball losses was 2 and 4 times respectively. The result for the exercise Slalom non-visual for the intervention group was given an improvement of 24.9 % (p=0.004, ES=1.09). The control group was decreased with 12.6 % (p=0.105, ES=0.55). The total number of ball losses for the intervention group was 15 and 8 times, respectively. The total number of ball losses for the control group was 5 and 3 times, respectively. The total number of ball gazes for the intervention group was 18 and 9 times, respectively. The total number of ball gazes for the control group was 10 and 3 times, respectively. Conclusions It is possible to develop the proprioception by systematically limit the visual feedback through control of the ball with your feet at isolated and football specific exercises. A change in the proprioceptive ability is expressed by soccer players having reduced needs of looking at the ball during isolated soccer specific exercises at a given velocity

DEVELOPMENT OF NONVISUAL SENSORY SKILL IN FOOTBALL

The purpose was to study if young football players can develop theirnonvisual sensory performance, here defined as control of the ball withoutvisual feedback. In total 20 elite male football players participated in thestudy. Their mean age (±SD) was 12.1 (±0.5) years. The participants weredivided into an intervention group (n=12) and a control group (n=8). Theselection of players was based on performance in the non-visual slalom pretest. The study followed a pre- post-test design in which the interventiongroup practiced ball control without visual feedback (nonvisual sensorytraining) three times 30 minutes per week over four weeks as part of theirnormal training. The control group exercised conventional football trainingwith full vision for the same amount of time. The pre- and post-test consistedof two sub-tests performed with and without visual control: 1) a stationaryball control test and 2) a slalom course ball drive test. The results show asignificant improvement in the intervention group in both the stationary ballcontrol test (p<0.001 and Effect Size (ES)=1.59) and in the slalom balldrive test (p<0.004 and ES=1.09). The control group showed no significantchanges in performance between the pre- and post-test. Conclusion. Nonvisual sensory skill can be significantly improved in12 training sessions of 30 minutes each in young elite male football players

Zero Defect Manufacturing in an Industry 4.0 Context : A Case Study of Requirements for Change and Desired Effects

The paper addresses, based on a case study comprising six process- and manufacturing industry companies, requirements for change and desired effects from Zero Defect Manufacturing in an Industry 4.0 context. The results outline seven problems and five needs perceived by the companies. Further, the results also outline four desired effects. The results are aligned with existing literature and studies but also bring up new aspects of Zero Defect Manufacturing in terms of problems, needs and desired effects. Noteworthy new desired effects are increased trust for the production process and improved gender equality