Hispanic-serving institution lobbyists: the influence of formative experiences on college-access policy discussions

2013 Summer.Includes bibliographical references.Lobbyists are increasingly a central part of the administration at higher-education institutions. The purpose of this study was to explore the formative life experiences, regarding race and racism, of lobbyists for Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs)-institutions with 25% or more Hispanic student enrollment-and how those lobbyists discussed access to higher education for undocumented students. The study describes how the participants constructed identities for themselves and undocumented students in a policy discussion, and it describes the role of HSIs in this timely policy discussion. To accomplish these goals, I used a qualitative research design that integrates elements of narrative inquiry and case study. I used holistic content analysis and dialogic/performance analysis to understand the relationship between formative life experiences and policy discussions. Additionally, descriptive and substantive representation theories provide a framework for critiquing the representation of undocumented students in HSI lobbying efforts. This first-of-its-kind case study informs lobbyist hiring practices, lobbying behaviors, policy discussions, and alignment of institutional values with lobbying initiatives at HSIs

Mochila y carro escolar: análisis cinemático usando distintas cargas.

Premio Congreso SIBB 2016Introducción. El uso de los carros escolares es cada vez mayor en niños de educación primaria. Para clarificar las recomendaciones entre carro y/o mochila, en este estudio se ha realizado un análisis cinemático transportando distintas cargas con ambas opciones de transporte.Métodos. 14 sujetos fueron evaluados (9.6+1.8 años). Un sistema de captura de movimiento 3D fue utilizado para analizar la locomoción caminando sin carga, llevando una mochila y tirando del carro, ambas con el 10%, 15% y 20% peso corporal (BW) del sujeto. Los parámetros cinemáticos del tronco, pelvis, cadera y rodilla fueron analizados.Resultados. El tronco aumentó la flexión conforme aumentaba el peso del carro y la mochila. La pelvis y cadera aumentaron su flexión caminando con la mochila cargada comparado con caminar sin carga. La cadera aumentó su aducción usando la mochila con el 10% y el 20% BW con respecto al uso del carro, y disminuyó los movimientos de rotación (20% BW). La rodilla no mostró diferencias en ninguno de los planos, tampoco la pelvis ni el tronco en los planos frontal y lateral.Conclusiones. El uso del carro escolar requiere menos adaptaciones que la mochila con las mismas cargas y un comportamiento postural más próximo a caminar sin carga.Peer ReviewedAward-winnin

Upscaling of bottom-generated turbulence in large-scale 3D models for sediment transport in estuaries and coastal zones

Currently used 3D numerical sediment transport models still fail to make good quantitative predictions. To a great extent, this can be attributed to the inadequate description of physical processes which occur at the subgrid scale level. From flume experiments it is known that particle-turbulence interactions near the bed significantly change the effective roughness experienced by the overlying water column. This results in different transport rates if not accounted for.From a theoretical perspective, bed load transport, sheet flow and fluid mud flow are all occurrences of supersaturated suspension flow in the inner near-bed layer comprising the viscous sublayer and the transient layer. Its thickness increases with sediment load, since particle-particle interactions (four-way coupling effects) consume considerable amounts of the available stream power. In order to know how much energy is left over to compute the transport capacity of the outer, fully-developed layer, it is necessary to quantify the energy budget in the inner layer.This is a difficult task. Every modelling approach has its draw-backs and limitations. Lagrangean particle tracking is hopeless, since the required number of particles to approach field conditions is much too high, and the volumes occupied by the particles cannot be neglected. Grain sizes are non-uniform in nature and concentrations near the bed very high, making it very difficult to give an accurate description of the momentum exchange between fluid and solid phase, which accounts for particle collisions. Therefore, in view of large-scale applications, a one-fluid approach is adopted. This implies that the momentum equation is solved for the suspension, together with a turbulence closure model and the sediment mass balance.Since the thickness of the supersaturated inner layer mostly is very small relative to the water depth and the vertical discretization in large scale applications, it is not possible to resolve this layer with a traditional low-Reynolds model approach, which requires a very fine grid. A new approach is proposed, where a modified Prandtl-mixing length (PML) model is used for the bed layer, and a new low-Reynolds model is applied in the outer layers. In this way it is possible to obtain a correct behaviour for tidal oscillating flow in estuaries, where low-Re effects enter high in the water column during slack water.The correction factor for the PML eddy viscosity and the damping functions for the low-Re k-epsilon turbulence model are constructed based on theoretical constraints, DNS and LES generated data, as well as experimental flume data. In parallel, LES and improved two-layer low-Re models are developed to simulate flow over rough bottoms without and with sediment, in order to generate data very close to the bed surface, where no measurements can be made. These additional data are used to help interpret experimental flume data, which always show relatively high experimental errors, and to extend the new damping functions for the cases with bottom roughness and suspended sediment.Preliminary results of the new coarse grid RANS model for open-channel flow with various roughness conditions without and with suspended sediment will be shown, compared to LES results for flow over a wavy bottom, low-Reynolds RANS results over rough bottom and experimental flume data

Utilidad de la exploración física para el diagnóstico de neumonía infantil adquirida en la comunidad en un centro de atención primaria

ObjetivoDeterminar la utilidad diagnóstica de tres signos clínicos (fiebre, tos, estertores crepitantes) para el diagnóstico de neumonía en niños; evaluar la concordancia en la interpretación de la radiografía de tórax por dos radiólogosDiseñoEstudio de pruebas diagnósticasEmplazamientoAtención primariaMaterialTrescientas cincuenta historias clínicas de niños a los que se practicó una radiografía de tórax urgente para diagnosticar neumonía entre el 1 de enero de 1996 y el 30 de junio de 1999Mediciones principalesa) Prevalencia de neumonía en toda la muestra y en dos subgrupos de edad: igual o inferior a 5 años y superior a 5 años; b) cocientes de probabilidad positivo y negativo e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%). Se consideró la radiografía de tórax como estándar de referencia, y c) concordancia interradiólogos-índice kappa (?)ResultadosLa prevalencia de neumonía en toda la muestra fue del 22,9% (IC del 95%, 18,5-27,3); en los niños de 5 años de edad o menores fue del 20,4% (IC del 95%, 15,6- 25,2), y en los mayores de 5 años, del 31,3% (IC del 95%, 21,1-41,4). Los signos estudiados sólo tuvieron alguna utilidad para confirmar el diagnóstico en mayores de 5 años: el cociente de probabilidad positivo fue de 3,52 (IC del 95%, 1,28-9,69) y los radiólogos coincidieron en el diagnóstico en el 93,1% de las radiografías de tórax (k=0,8; IC del 95%, 0,77-0,83)ConclusionesEn este estudio no se constató la presencia de un subconjunto de signos clínicos que aseguren de forma inequívoca el diagnóstico de neumonía en niñosObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic usefulness of three clinical signs (temperature, cough, crepitant stertor) for diagnosing pneumonia in children.To evaluate the agreement of two radiologists in evaluating thoracic x-rays (TXR)DesignStudy of diagnostic testsSettingPrimary careParticipants350 clinical histories of children who had an urgent TXR to diagnosis pneumonia between 1st January 1996 and 30th June 1999Main measurementsa) Prevalence of pneumonia in the entire sample and two age-based sub-groups: aged 5 years and under, and over 5; b) positive probability quotients (PQ+) and negative ones (PQ-) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The TXR was seen as the reference standard, and c) kappa index (?) for inter-radiologist concordanceResultsPrevalence: the entire sample, 22.9% (95% CI, 18.5-27.3); children aged 5 or less, 20.4% (95% CI, 15.6-25.2); aged over 5, 31.3% (95% CI, 21.1-41.4). The signs studied were only of any use in confirming the diagnosis in children over 5: PQ+ was 3.52 (1.28-9.69). Radiologists coincided in their diagnosis in 93.1% of the TXR (k=0.8; 95% CI, 0.77-0.83)ConclusionsThis study did not prove that there was a sub-grouping of clinical signs which confirmed unmistakeably the diagnosis of pneumonia in childre

Crops gone wild: evolution of weeds and invasives from domesticated ancestors.

The evolution of problematic plants, both weeds and invasives, is a topic of increasing interest. Plants that have evolved from domesticated ancestors have certain advantages for study. Because of their economic importance, domesticated plants are generally well-characterized and readily available for ecogenetic comparison with their wild descendants. Thus, the evolutionary history of crop descendants has the potential to be reconstructed in some detail. Furthermore, growing crop progenitors with their problematic descendants in a common environment allows for the identification of significant evolutionary differences that correlate with weediness or invasiveness. We sought well-established examples of invasives and weeds for which genetic and/or ethnobotanical evidence has confirmed their evolution from domesticates. We found surprisingly few cases, only 13. We examine our list for generalizations and then some selected cases to reveal how plant pests have evolved from domesticates. Despite their potential utility, crop descendants remain underexploited for evolutionary study. Promising evolutionary research opportunities for these systems are abundant and worthy of pursuit

A Kinematic Comparison of Gait with A Backpack Versus A Trolley for Load Carriage in Children.

The use of a school trolley is reaching and even surpassing the use of backpacks in many countries, although a recommended load has not been studied. To accomplish this, 3D gait kinematics of the lower limbs and thorax were analysed in 49 students walking unloaded, pulling a school trolley or carrying a backpack, all with either 10%, 15%, or 20% BW. The variables obtained were the degrees of flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and internal/external rotation of the thorax, pelvis, hip, knee and ankle. Statistical parametric mapping was used to evaluate differences between conditions and loads throughout the gait cycle. In the backpack conditions, the magnitudes of the differences decreased from proximal to distal joints compared to the unloaded condition. The use of a school trolley only required minor kinematic adaptations. Therefore, from kinematic analysis, it is recommended to avoid loads above 10% BW for children using a backpack and below 20% BW for children using a trolley