The challenges of moving from framework development to the real world: operationalising an oil vulnerability framework for oil spill response in the Canadian Pacific region

To support oil spill response planning, and to focus data collection within the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada (DFO), an oil vulnerability framework was developed in 2016, and applied to the Pacific region. Using a criteria scoring (Exposure, Sensitivity and Recovery categories) and screening process, the framework identifies and ranks species sub-groups in terms of their vulnerability to oil. The framework outputs have been applied during oil spill exercises and during the recent Jake Shearer incident near Bella Bella in Nov 2017. Operationalising the framework at the spatial scale and within the time constraints of oil spill response requires a varied approach to deal with lack of spatial data for some groups. Here we present the current working model how we ensure the best available data is feed into the oil spill response

Sykepleieres holdninger til pasienter med rusavhengighet i medisinsk og kirurgisk sykehusavdeling

Bakgrunn Personer med rusavhengighet er utsatt for en rekke skadevirkninger, både psykiske og fysiske. De har ofte behov for innleggelse i sykehus, og sykepleiere som jobber i kirurgisk og medisinsk sykehusavdeling, møter derfor svært ofte pasienter med rusavhengighet. Disse møtene er ofte preget av negative holdninger. Dersom sykepleierne møter pasientene med negative holdninger, kan det gå utover kvaliteten på sykepleien som utøves. Hensikt Hensikten er å belyse hvilke holdninger sykepleiere har til pasienter med rusavhengighet i kirurgisk og medisinsk sykehusavdeling, og hvilken betydning holdningene har for sykepleien som utøves. Metode Oppgaven er en integrativ litteraturoversikt, der tre empiriske forskningsartikler er analysert etter Fribergs analysemodell. Resultatene fra forskningsartiklene, samt annen relevant litteratur og egne refleksjoner er brukt til å svare på oppgavens hensikt. Resultat Flertallet av sykepleiere uttrykker negative holdninger overfor pasienter med rusavhengighet, på grunn av for eksempel mangel på kunnskap eller tillit. En del av sykepleierne uttrykker nøytrale holdninger. De nøytrale holdningene begrunnes med at de har etiske og profesjonelle forpliktelser til å gi likeverdig behandling til alle. Noen få sykepleiere uttrykker positive holdninger, disse hadde som regel noen i nær relasjon med rusavhengighet og var derfor bedre i stand til å sette seg inn i pasientens situasjon. Sykepleieres holdninger påvirker i stor grad sykepleien som utøves

Prevalence of drug-related problems in self-medication in Danish community pharmacies

Background: Drug-related problems are known to be a major problem associated with pharmacotherapy. A broad range of studies, mainly in the area of prescription-only medicines, supports this fact. Only a few studies have evaluated drug-related problems with over-the-counter medicine and the role of community pharmacies in this.Purpose: To quantify drug-related problems in self-medication (use of over-the-counter medicine) identified by community pharmacies in Denmark and to document the interventions by pharmacy staff in relation to the identified drug-related problems.Method: A descriptive study mapping drug-related problems in self-medication registered at the counter at a selected number of Danish community pharmacies.Results: Data for 3,868 consecutive customers with requests for over-the-counter (OTC) medicines were registered at 39 community pharmacies. The pharmacies registered a total number of 4,324 OTC medicines requests, illustrating that a customer requested 1.1 OTC medicines on average. Drug-related problems (DRPs) were identified for 813 customers, equivalent to DRPs for 21.0 % of all customers, presenting symptoms or requesting OTC medicines, and for 20 % of all over-the-counter medicines requests. 1,239 DRPs were registered, corresponding to an average of 1.5 DRPs per customer requesting OTC medicines.Community pharmacies estimated that they solved or partly solved 76.2 % of the detected DRPs; 73 % were solved without involving a general practitioner.Conclusions: DRPs were identified for 21.0 % of the pharmacy customers presenting a symptom or asking for an OTC medicine. The community pharmacy counselled the customers with DRPs more thoroughly than other customers by giving 2.4 pieces of professional advice, compared to an average of 2.1 to customers in general. It is not possible to determine the magnitude of the safety risk involved. Based on the most frequent categories of DRPs, there were risks of insufficient effect, unintended effects and, to a lesser extent, inappropriate self-medication

Predicting Invasion Risk Using Measures of Introduction Effort and Environmental Niche Models

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is native to east Asia, is established throughout Europe, and is introduced but geographically restricted in North America. We developed and compared two separate environmental niche models using genetic algorithm for rule set prediction (GARP) and mitten crab occurrences in Asia and Europe to predict the species\u27 potential distribution in North America. Since mitten crabs must reproduce in water with ≥15‰ salinity, we limited the potential North American range to freshwater habitats within the highest documented dispersal distance (1260 km) and a more restricted dispersal limit (354 km) from the sea. Applying the higher dispersal distance, both models predicted the lower Great Lakes, most of the eastern seaboard, the Gulf of Mexico and southern extent of the Mississippi River watershed, and the Pacific northwest as suitable environment for mitten crabs, but environmental match for southern states (below 35° N) was much lower for the European model. Use of the lower range with both models reduced the expected range, especially in the Great Lakes, Mississippi drainage, and inland areas of the Pacific Northwest. To estimate the risk of introduction of mitten crabs, the amount of reported ballast water discharge into major United States ports from regions in Asia and Europe with established mitten crab populations was used as an index of introduction effort. Relative risk of invasion was estimated based on a combination of environmental match and volume of unexchanged ballast water received (July 1999–December 2003) for major ports. The ports of Norfolk and Baltimore were most vulnerable to invasion and establishment, making Chesapeake Bay the most likely location to be invaded by mitten crabs in the United States. The next highest risk was predicted for Portland, Oregon. Interestingly, the port of Los Angeles/Long Beach, which has a large shipping volume, had a low risk of invasion. Ports such as Jacksonville, Florida, had a medium risk owing to small shipping volume but high environmental match. This study illustrates that the combination of environmental niche- and vector-based models can provide managers with more precise estimates of invasion risk than can either of these approaches alone

How to grow brand post engagement on Facebook and Twitter for airlines? An empirical investigation of design and content factors

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