144 research outputs found

    Appendix D: “Alternative Methods of Implementing Generally Accepted Accounting”

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    Rapsmetylester (RME), Ă€ven kallat biodiesel, Ă€r ett biobrĂ€nsle som produceras av rapsolja. Trots att RME Ă€r förnybart Ă€r vĂ€xthusgasutslĂ€ppen i ett livscykelperspektiv inte försumbara, eftersom odlingen av raps ger upphov till utslĂ€pp. Jordbruket Ă€r en av Sveriges största kĂ€llor till klimatpĂ„verkande gaser. UtslĂ€ppen sker framförallt i form av den högpotenta Ă€xthusgasenlustgas som hĂ€rrör frĂ„n produktion och anvĂ€ndning av gödsel, men Ă€ven utslĂ€pp som beror pĂ„ anvĂ€ndning av fossila brĂ€nslen Ă€r signifikanta. År 2009 antogs EU-direktivet 2009/28/EG, som bland annat syftade till att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla de förnybara brĂ€nslenas klimatprestanda, det sĂ„ kallade förnybartdirektivet. I detta direktiv anges kriterier för att biodrivmedel och flytande biobrĂ€nslen ska fĂ„ klassas som förnybara, framförallt krav pĂ„ vĂ€xthusgasutslĂ€ppen i brĂ€nslets livscykel. Direktivet innefattar Ă€ven riktlinjer för hur dessa vĂ€xthusgasutslĂ€pp ska berĂ€knas. Kriterierna har inneburit ett incitament för att förbĂ€ttra klimatprestandan hos biobrĂ€nslen. För att minska sin klimatpĂ„verkan och beroende av fossila brĂ€nslen har tre gĂ„rdar i Östergötland Ă€ndrat sina odlingsmetoder. FörĂ€ndringarna innebĂ€r att dieseln för drift av jordbruksmaskiner och in- och uttransporter bytts ut mot biodiesel (RME), att torkningen av skörden nu sker med trĂ€dbrĂ€nslen istĂ€llet för olja, samt att en del av handelsgödseln ersatts av organiskt gödsel. GĂ„rdarna har sjĂ€lva myntat begreppet Östgötamodellen, som beskriver ett odlingssystem dĂ€r de fossila brĂ€nslena bytts ut mot förnybara, och ibland Ă€ven andra alternativa jordbruksmetoder tillĂ€mpas. Om den raps som odlas enligt Östgötamodellen sedan anvĂ€nds som rĂ„vara för biodieselproduktion pĂ„verkar det brĂ€nslets klimatprestanda. Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att berĂ€kna vĂ€xthusgasutslĂ€ppen frĂ„n odling av raps enligt Östgötamodellen, jĂ€mfört med konventionellt odlad raps. Eftersom rapsen ska anvĂ€ndas till att producera biodiesel har berĂ€kningarna gjorts genom att tillĂ€mpa riktlinjerna för berĂ€kning som anges i EU:s förnybartdirektiv. Metodiken som beskrivs har ett livscykelperspektiv, och kan beskrivas som en förenklad livscykelanalys. BerĂ€kningarna visar att byte av brĂ€nsle till förnybara alternativ ger en minskad klimatbelastning pĂ„ knappt 6 % i odlingsledet. Att ersĂ€tta drygt 20 % av handelsgödseln med slam gav drygt 30 % högre utslĂ€pp frĂ„n odlingen, medan reducerad jordbearbetning gav en nĂ„got lĂ€gre utslĂ€ppsreduktion Ă€n anvĂ€ndning av förnybara brĂ€nslen. Förutom utslĂ€ppen fĂ„r Ă€ven utslĂ€ppsbesparing rĂ€knas med för vissa Ă„tgĂ€rder som ger ökad kolinlagring i jorden och dĂ€rmed förhindrar utslĂ€pp av koldioxid. I denna studie har kolinlagring inkluderats för reducerad jordbearbetning, vilket gav en inlagring motsvarande 9051 g CO2eq/kg raps, jĂ€mfört med odlingsutslĂ€ppen 434 g CO2eq/kg raps. Denna stora inlagring Ă€r orimligt hög jĂ€mfört med tidigare studier. Dessutom visar tidigare studier att Ă€ven slam har en hög kolinlagringspotential, trots att slam för nĂ€rvarande inte tĂ€cks in av definitionerna i riktlinjerna för berĂ€kningen. Vidare konstateras att Östgötamodellen inte minskar lustgasutslĂ€ppen, som Ă€r de utslĂ€pp som kraftigt dominerar vĂ€xthusgasutslĂ€ppen frĂ„n rapsodlingen. Den enda möjligheten att minska de berĂ€knade lustgasutslĂ€ppen enligt den rekommenderade metoden Ă€r dock att minska mĂ€ngden applicerad kvĂ€vegödsel per mĂ€ngd raps, vilket begrĂ€nsar möjligheterna att tillgodorĂ€kna sig andra Ă„tgĂ€rder som minskar lustgasutslĂ€ppen. Förutom berĂ€kningsmetoderna för kolinlagring och lustgasutslĂ€pp sĂ„ synliggör denna rapport mĂ„nga av de problem som uppmĂ€rksammats i tidigare studier. Framförallt handlar det om att riktlinjerna Ă€r otydliga och begrĂ€nsande, vilket i mĂ„nga fall leder till missvisande resultat. Det innebĂ€r att resultaten ska tolkas med försiktighet

    Lebensabend in der Landwirtschaft

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    Unsere Gesellschaft altert und gerade in lĂ€ndlichen RĂ€umen fehlen Angebote fĂŒr Senioren. Umso mehr sind neue Konzepte fĂŒr den letzten Lebensabschnitt gefragt. Damit eröffnen sich Chancen fĂŒr Dienstleistungen auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben. Claudia Busch und Ann-Sofie Henryson stellen einige Projekte vor

    Gentrifiktionen

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    Gentrifizierung ist ein global verbreiteter und kontrovers diskutierter urbaner Prozess, der auch seinen Niederschlag in der deutschsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur gefunden hat. Diese Studie untersucht die literarische Verarbeitung der Gentrifizierung in Berlin nach 2000 anhand von ausgewĂ€hlten Romanen von Aljoscha Brell, Ulrich Peltzer, Jan Peter Bremer und Annett Gröschner. Mithilfe eines interdisziplinĂ€ren theoretischen Rahmens, der narratologische Aspekte mit soziologischen kombiniert, arbeitet die Untersuchung heraus, wie der Wettbewerb um den urbanen Raum aus der Figurenperspektive imaginiert und verhandelt wird. Die Analyse zeigt, wie MachtverhĂ€ltnisse zwischen sozialen Gruppen sich in den zum Teil standardisierten Figurenkonstellationen der untersuchten â€čGentrifiktionenâ€ș manifestieren

    Eine sinnvolle ErgĂ€nzung fĂŒr die Ökokontrolle

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    Wie eine aktuelle Studie zeigt, reichen analytische und optische Verfahren nicht aus, um biologische und konventionelle Lebensmittel zweifelsfrei zu unterscheiden. Wohl aber können sie als Verifikationsinstrument dienen und so wichtige Hinweise fĂŒr die Ökokontrolle liefern

    Factors in the informal and formal social participation of inner city working class households: A study of three local authority housing estates in Central London

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    The primary aim of this study was to determine the variations in the degree of informal and formal social participation of working class housewives living on council housing estates in the inner city. The investigator hoped to discover whether the housewives lead lives dominated by segmental relationships or whether they tended to share quasi-primary relations with one another and be active in kinship groups. A random sample was taken of housewives living on three council housing estates of an Inner London Borough. There was a response rate of 82% giving a total of 149 respondents. The data were collected by means of an eleven page interview schedule with six undergraduates and the investigator doing the interviewing. Most of the tabulations were done using the Cope Chat card; gamma associations and percentages were calculated. It was found that the housewives' social relations with her neighbours were not totally segmental: most shared quasi-primary relations and almost half shared a primary relation. Relatives played an important role in the housewives social participation. Social relations with friends and attendance at formal activities was of relatively minor importance. A respondent was more likely to have a high social participation rate if she were young, married with children, had gone to school as a child in the districts he now lived, and had a long length of residence on the estate. Respondents in the maisonettes tended to have a higher rate of social participation than those living in the three to six storey flats or the tower block. A high rate of social participation was shown to increase the likelihood of a positive self-report of happiness with life on the estate, a high level of satisfaction with the estate, and low rate of anomie.<p

    Climate Assessment of Vegetable Oil and Biodiesel from Camelina Grown as an Intermediate Crop in Cereal-Based Crop Rotations in Cold Climate Regions

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    The oilseed crop winter camelina (Camelina sativa) is attracting increasing interest for biofuel production. This study assessed the climate impacts of growing camelina as an intermediate crop in northern Europe (Sweden) for the production of vegetable oil and biofuel. Climate impacts were analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA), while impacts on biodiversity and eutrophication were discussed. Three functional units were considered: 1 ha of land use, 1 kg of oil, and 1 MJ biofuel (hydrogenated vegetable oil, HVO). The results showed that dry matter yield over the whole crop rotation was higher in the camelina crop rotation, despite the lower yield of peas due to relay cropping with camelina. In the whole camelina crop rotation, fat production more than doubled, protein and fiber production marginally increased, and the production of carbohydrates decreased. Higher climate impacts related to field operations and fertilizer use in the camelina crop rotation, with associated N2O emissions, were compensated for by increased soil carbon accumulation due to the increased return of organic matter from the additional crop in the rotation. The total climate impact was around 0.5 kg CO2 eq/kg camelina oil when macronutrient allocation was used. The global warming potential was 15 g CO2 eq/MJ HVO, or 27 g CO2 eq/MJ HVO when soil organic carbon effects were not included, representing an 84% and 71% reduction, respectively, compared with fossil fuels

    Life cycle assessment of fish oil substitute produced by microalgae using food waste

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    Fish oil has been used in conventional aquaculture for decades, despite the known links between increasing global demand for fish and depletion of natural resources and vital ecosystems (FAO, 2020, 2019). Alternative feed ingredients, including algae oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has therefore been increasingly used to substitute traditional fish oil. Heterotrophic algae cultivation in bioreactors can be supported by a primary carbon feedstock recovered from food waste, a solution that could reduce environmental impacts and support the transition towards circular food systems. This study used life cycle assessment to quantify environmental impact of DHA produced by the heterotrophic algae Crypthecodinium cohnii, using short-chain carboxylic acids derived from dark fermentation of food waste. The future potential of DHA from algae was evaluated by comparing the environmental impact to that of DHA from Peruvian anchovy oil. With respect to global warming, terrestrial acidification, freshwater eutrophication and land use, algae oil inferred -52 ton CO2eq, 3.5 ton SO2eq, -94 kg Peq, 2700 m2 eq, respectively per ton DHA. In comparison, the impact per ton DHA from fish oil was -15 ton CO2eq, 3.9 ton SO2eq, -97 kg Peq and 3200 m2 eq. Furthermore, algae oil showed lower climate impact compared to canola and linseed oil. By including Ecosystem damage as indicator for ecosystem quality at endpoint level, the important aspect of biodiversity impact was accounted for. Although the method primarily accounts for indirect effects on biodiversity, DHA from algae oil showed lower Ecosystem damage compared to fish oil even when future energy development, optimized production, increased energy demand and effects on biotic resources were considered via sensitivity analyses. As the results suggest, algae oil holds a promising potential for increased sustainability within aquaculture, provided that continued development and optimization of this emerging technology is enabled through active decision-making and purposeful investments

    PENGARUH AUDIT TENURE DAN PREDIKSI KEBANGKRUTAN TERHADAP OPINI AUDIT GOING CONCERN PADA PERUSAHAAN SUBSEKTOR TRANSPORTASI DAN LOGISTIK YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2015-2020

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    This study aims to assess and examine the effect of tenure audits anddestruction on going-concern audit opinions. This test uses a sample of companies inthe transportation and logistics sub-sector listed on the IDX and their financialstatements have been audited for the 2015-2020 period. The author uses purposivesampling and the number of samples in this study were 84 samplesfrom 14 companies.This study uses a quantitative descriptive method and in testing the hypothesis using alogistic test. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is foundthat: The results of this study indicate that tenure and bankruptcy audits have nosimultaneous effect on going concern audit opinions. Partially, the audit tenure has nosignificant effect on the going-concern audit opinion. on the other hand, the destructionthat has a significant effect on going concern audit opinion.This study aims to assess and examine the effect of tenure audits anddestruction on going-concern audit opinions. This test uses a sample of companies inthe transportation and logistics sub-sector listed on the IDX and their financialstatements have been audited for the 2015-2020 period. The author uses purposivesampling and the number of samples in this study were 84 samplesfrom 14 companies.This study uses a quantitative descriptive method and in testing the hypothesis using alogistic test. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it is foundthat: The results of this study indicate that tenure and bankruptcy audits have nosimultaneous effect on going concern audit opinions. Partially, the audit tenure has nosignificant effect on the going-concern audit opinion. on the other hand, the destructionthat has a significant effect on going concern audit opinion

    Wissensstandsanalyse zu QualitÀt, Verbraucherschutz und Verarbeitung ökologischer Lebensmittel

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    Zielsetzung des Projektes war es, den aktuellen Stand des Wissens zur QualitĂ€t und Verarbeitung ökologischer Lebensmittel sowie zum Verbraucherschutz aufzuzeigen und zu bewerten. Das Projektteam setzte sich aus Wissenschaftlern des Forschungsinstituts fĂŒr biologischen Landbau (Deutschland und Schweiz), des BĂŒros fĂŒr Lebensmittelkunde, des Forschungsrings fĂŒr Biologisch-Dynamische Wirtschaftsweise e.V. sowie des Fachgebiets Ökologische LebensmittelqualitĂ€t und ErnĂ€hrungskultur der UniversitĂ€t Kassel zusammen. In dem zeitlich sehr begrenzten Projekt fokussierte die Arbeitsgruppe die Betrachtung auf folgende Themenkomplexe und Produktgruppen: Bereich QualitĂ€t - ErnĂ€hrung - Sensorik - Ökospezifische QualitĂ€ten - AuthentizitĂ€t und RĂŒckverfolgbarkeit Bereich Verarbeitung - Rohwaren/Lagerung und Technologien fĂŒr die Produktgruppen: -- Getreide -- Milch -- Fleisch -- Obst und GemĂŒse und Erzeugnisse aus diesen - Nachhaltigkeit im Unternehmen und entlang der Prozesskette - Verpackung Vorhandenes Wissen, aktuelle Fragestellungen und Entwicklungsrichtungen wurden nach thematisch angepassten Vorgehensweisen identifiziert und anhand internationaler Literatur und Experteninterviews diskutiert. Zu allen Themenkomplexen wurden kurze und allgemeinverstĂ€ndliche Reports erstellt, die einen schnellen und fundierten Überblick zum aktuellen Stand des Wissens und zu eventuellen WissenslĂŒcken geben. Der Abschlussreport wurde in deutscher und englischer Sprache veröffentlicht. Insgesamt wurde festgestellt, dass in den betrachteten Themenkomplexen erheblicher Bedarf an Forschung und Entwicklung sowie an Wissenstransfer besteht. Neben einer Reihe von Detailfragen sind grundlegende Themen, wie beispielsweise das Anforderungsprofil an eine „ökologische Verarbeitung“, nicht hinreichend erforscht und geklĂ€rt. Diese Arbeiten sind jedoch Voraussetzung fĂŒr die Bearbeitung von Detailthemen, da hier Aufgabenstellungen, Schwerpunktsetzungen und Methoden definiert werden

    Spatially differentiated midpoint indicator for marine eutrophication of waterborne emissions in Sweden

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    In life cycle assessment (LCA), eutrophication is commonly assessed using site-generic characterisation factors, despite being a site-dependent environmental impact. The purpose of this study was to improve the environmental relevance of marine eutrophication impact assessment in LCA, particularly regarding the impact assessment of waterborne nutrient emissions from Swedish agriculture.Characterisation factors were derived using site-dependent data on nutrient transport for all agricultural soils in Sweden, divided into 968 catchment areas, and considering the Baltic Sea, the receiving marine compartment, as both nitrogen- and phosphorus-limited. These new characterisation factors were then applied to waterborne nutrient emissions from typical grass ley and spring barley cultivation in all catchments.The site-dependent marine eutrophication characterisation factors obtained for nutrient leaching from soils varied between 0.056 and 0.986 kg N-eq/kg N and between 0 and 7.23 kg N-eq/kg P among sites in Sweden. On applying the new characterisation factors to spring barley and grass ley cultivation at different sites in Sweden, the total marine eutrophication impact from waterborne nutrient emissions for these crops varied by up to two orders of magnitude between sites. This variation shows that site plays an important role in determining the actual impact of an emission, which means that site-dependent impact assessment could provide valuable information to life cycle assessments and increase the relevance of LCA as a tool for assessment of product-related eutrophication impacts.Characterisation factors for marine eutrophication impact assessment at high spatial resolution, considering both the site-dependent fate of eutrophying compounds and specific nutrient limitations in the recipient waterbody, were developed for waterborne nutrient emissions from agriculture in Sweden. Application of the characterisation factors revealed variations in calculated impacts between sites in Sweden, highlighting the importance of spatial differentiation of characterisation modelling within the scale of the impact
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