Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Aspectos anatomopatológicos das neoplasias malignas renais: Anatomopathological aspects of malignant renal neoplasms

As neoplasias renais correspondem ao crescimento exacerbado de células tumorais no interior dos rins, classificadas como benignas ou malignas. Neste estudo será abordado sobre as neoplasias malignas renais, a qual correspondem a maior prevalência e são representadas pelo carcinoma de células renais e o tumor de Wilms, com a finalidade de descrever a respeito dos aspectos anatomopatológicos, disseminando informações para o diagnóstico e manejo precoce. O carcinoma de células renais é mais prevalente no sexo masculino, indivíduos mais velhos, geralmente assintomático, contribuindo para o diagnóstico tardio junto a existência de metástases e terapêutica irresponsiva. Não se trata de uma doença genética, sendo o caráter esporádico o predominante, neste contexto os fatores de risco, sobretudo o tabagismo em seguida de obesidade hemodiálise e doenças genéticas são potenciais desencadeantes da enfermidade. Os exames complementares associado a clínica, junto ao acompanhamento eleva a possibilidade de identificação antes de avanços metastáticos. O tumor de Wilms é típico de crianças, acometendo um ou ambos os rins, normalmente com alguma anomalia genética, sendo os sinais inespecíficos, mas sempre manifestando massa palpável e dor abdominal, a qual os métodos de imagem confirmam o diagnóstico e estimam o prognóstico deste. Neste contexto, elucida-se a transcendência que os aspectos anatomopatológicos das neoplasias malignas renais oferecem para a diagnose precoce, devido a escassez e inespecificidafe das manifestações clínicas. Logo, a junção do perfil de cada neoplasia abordado conduz ao manejo adequado e reduz a incidência de tratamentos agressivos e irresponsivos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pulverização conjugada à fertilização para controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em diferentes híbridos de milho, em função do volume de calda e ponta de pulverização

A tecnologia de aplicação de produtos fitossanitários é a ciência que busca à correta colocação do produto no alvo, se necessário, na quantidade requerida, de forma econômica e com a mínima contaminação humana e ambiental, consequentemente reduzindo custos de produção e mantendo uma relação sustentável entre agricultura e ambiente. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o controle da lagarta-do-cartucho Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) com a aplicação localizada de inseticida em operação conjugada à fertilização na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), em função de modelos de pontas de pulverização, volumes de calda, híbridos de milho e inseticidas. Foram conduzidos experimentos com plantas de milho transgênicas (Bt) e isogênicas (não Bt) em cultivo de safra (verão) e safrinha (inverno). Quando se fez necessário o controle, os tratamentos foram pulverizados em sistema de aplicação dirigida ao cartucho das plantas de milho em equipamento acoplado à máquina de adubação de cobertura, em que o comprimento da barra de pulverização é congruente a faixa utilizada para a fertilização e, para efeito de comparação, com a aplicação do inseticida em área total. Foram realizadas avaliações quanto à eficácia no controle da lagarta-do-cartucho aos 3, 6 e 10 dias após a aplicação de inseticida (DAA). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste F da análise de variância (ANOVA) e as médias das parcelas foram comparadas entre si, utilizando-se o teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A aplicação localizada do inseticida em operação conjugada à fertilização foi eficaz no controle de S. frugiperda e pode diminuir a quantidade de inseticida aplicado fora do alvo em relação à aplicação em área total. Modelos de pontas de pulverização, volumes de calda e inseticidas, no geral, não diferenciaram estatisticamente...The technology of pesticides application seeks the correct placement of the target product, when needed, at quantity required, cost effectively and with minimal contamination, thus reducing production costs and maintaining a sustainable in relation of agriculture and environment. This study aimed to evaluate the control of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) with localized application of insecticide in associated operation of fertilization due spray nozzles, spray volumes, hybrid corn, insecticides and quantities of application in maize (Zea mays L.). Experiments were conducted with conventional and transgenic (Bt) maize plants in growing season (Summer) and off-season (Winter). When it was necessary, the insecticide were sprayed on the targeted application system device coupled to the machine cover fertilization, wherein the length of the spray boom is congruent to the range used for fertilization. Were evaluated the efficacy in the control of fall armyworm at 3, 6 and 10 days after spraying (DAS). The data were submitted to the F test of analysis of variance and mean plots were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The localized application of insecticide in associated operation of fertilization promoted greater control of S. frugiperda and can reduce the amount of pesticide applied on the soil compared with total area application. Spray nozzles, spray volumes, insecticides and quantities of application did not differ statistically in insect control. Bt hybrids reduce the infestation of fall armyworm compared with non-Bt hybrids. The corn yield was directly related to the effectiveness of controlling fall armywor

<b>The mixture volume sprayed by hydraulic and centrifugal energy nozzles for the control of Asian soybean rust

The objective of this work was to evaluate a means of controlling ASR (Phakopsora pachyrhizi H. Sydow & P. Sydow) by applying reduced fungicide volumes in association with spray nozzles using either hydraulic or centrifugal energy. Two experiments resulted from that objective: soybean plants (Glycine max (L.) Merril) of the ‘BRS Valiosa RR’ cultivar were grown at the Experimental Farm of the University of São Paulo State (Unesp) in Jaboticabal, Brazil. The treatments were distributed in the field according to a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of the volumes of 50, 100, and 150 L ha-1 (droplets resulting from hydraulic energy) and 17, 35, and 50 L ha-1 (droplets resulting from centrifugal energy). An additional treatment was applied without fungicide (i.e., baseline treatment). The volume of 150 L ha-1 with droplets formed by hydraulic energy permitted the best pathogen control using the fungicide azoxystrobina and cyproconazole in comparison with the other treatments. The volume of 17 L ha-1 with the droplets formed by centrifugal energy was the least efficient and resulted in the highest rust severity and the lowest grain yield

Spray Nozzles, Pressures, Additives and Stirring Time on Viability and Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) for Greenhouses

The objective of this study was to evaluate different strategies for the application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN). Three different models of spray nozzles with air induction (AI 11003, TTI 11003 and AD-IA 11004), three spray pressures (207, 413 and 720 kPa), four different additives for tank mixtures (cane molasses, mineral oil, vegetable oil and glycerin) and the influence of tank mixture stirring time were all evaluated for their effect on EPN (Steinernema feltiae) viability and pathogenicity. The different nozzles, at pressures of up to 620 kPa, were found to be compatible with S. feltiae. Vegetable oil, mineral oil and molasses were found to be compatible adjuvants for S. feltiae, and stirring in a motorized backpack sprayer for 30 minutes did not impact the viability or pathogenicity of this nematode. Appropriate techniques for the application of nematodes with backpack sprayers are discussed. © 2013 Moreira et al