Éleveur face au changement climatique, un travail qui devient précaire

Que signifie travailler en agriculture à l’heure du changement climatique ? À partir d’une enquête menée en Saône-et-Loire auprès d’éleveurs bovins allaitants et laitiers en système extensif, nous montrons les impacts matériels, économiques, humains et sociaux de quatre sécheresses estivales successives sur le travail. Le travail en agriculture est déjà particulièrement prenant et source de mal-être. La raréfaction des ressources provoquées par les sécheresses entraîne une surcharge de travail et des pertes économiques, avec peu de perspectives sinon de rendre encore plus extensif le système d’élevage ou d’arrêter le métier. Le vécu du métier devient difficile avec le sentiment de ne pouvoir bien s’occuper de leurs bêtes et d’être empêché de bien faire leur travail. Une lassitude combinée à un manque de reconnaissance du métier conduisent à une détresse professionnelle et humaine. Les éleveurs se trouvent être dans une précarité au sens où le changement climatique peut révoquer leur métier. Ils sont bousculés dans leur attachement au lieu, avec un sentiment de perte des ressources naturelles autrefois plus stables. A la croisée des littératures sur l’adaptation au changement climatique et sur le travail, les transformations du métier d’éleveur méritent d’être davantage explorées pour aller vers davantage de résilience.What is it like to work in agriculture in a changing climate? This text presents the material, economic, human, and social impacts of repeated summer droughts on farmers in Saône-et-Loire who use an extensive production system. The text highlights the challenges faced by cattle breeding and dairy farming, which are known to be demanding forms of agricultural work that can affect well-being. The recurrence of droughts and scarcity of natural resources have led to an increase in workload and economic losses, with no job prospects other than expanding production. Breeders may feel that they are not performing their work adequately. This fatigue, combined with a lack of professional recognition, can lead to professional and personal distress. Cattle breeders are facing environmental precarity due to their reliance on changing environmental conditions. The stability of natural resources has been lost, affecting their attachment to the place. To move towards greater resilience, it is necessary to explore the transformations in the farming profession, at the crossroads of the literature on adaptation to climate change and the literature on work

Première étude comparative des collections de restes humains néandertaliens des grottes du Bison et du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure)

Au sud de la commune d’Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne, France), une série de grottes a connu des fréquentations humaines durant le Pléistocène supérieur. Parmi les cinq grottes qui ont livré des restes humains, celle du Renne (GR) et celle du Bison (GB) sont deux cavités voisines séparées par une mince paroi commune. Chacune a livré une collection importante de vestiges néandertaliens. L’objectif de notre étude est d’identifier les dynamiques d’investissement humain de ces grottes "siamoises" par les ..

Sur un trait inédit des incisives déciduales supérieures de trois néandertaliens immatures : apport de l’imagerie virtuelle

En 2006, l’étude des germes dentaires du périnatal néandertalien Le Moustier 2 (Dordogne) nous permet d’observer un trait non documenté sur trois de ses quatre germes des incisives déciduales supérieures : l’ouverture, au niveau de la face linguale et de la chambre pulpaire, d’un possible canal traversant de la partie minéralisée du germe. Cette ouverture se situe a) au niveau du quadrant apico-distal de la couronne ; b) au sommet d’un petit relief sur la face linguale et, lorsqu’il est prés..

Les restes humains néandertaliens des grottes d’Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) : inventaire et nouvelles recherches

International audienc

Éleveur face au changement climatique, un travail qui devient précaire

International audienceWhat is it really like to work in agriculture in a changing climate? Based on interviews in Saône-et-Loire with farmers with a system based on extensive production, we highlight the material, economic, human and social impacts of repeated summer droughts on their work. Cattle breeding and dairy farming are known to be a particularly demanding form of agricultural work that can alter well-being. The recurrence of droughts and natural resources scarcity induced an overload of work and economic losses, without job futures except to further extensify the production. Breeders have the feeling of not doing their work properly. Weariness combined with a lack of recognition of the profession leads to professional and human distress. Cattle breeders find themselves in an environmental precarity due to their dependence on environmental changes. Their attachment to place is affected, with a feeling of loss of natural resources that were once more stable. At the crossroads of the literature on adaptation to climate change and the literature on work, the transformations in the farming profession deserve to be explored further in order to move towards greater resilience.Que signifie travailler en agriculture à l’heure du changement climatique ? À partir d’une enquête menée en Saône-et-Loire auprès d’éleveurs bovins allaitants et laitiers en système extensif, nous montrons les impacts matériels, économiques, humains et sociaux de quatre sécheresses estivales successives sur le travail. Le travail en agriculture est déjà particulièrement prenant et source de mal-être. La raréfaction des ressources provoquées par les sécheresses entraîne une surcharge de travail et des pertes économiques, avec peu de perspectives sinon de rendre encore plus extensif le système d’élevage ou d’arrêter le métier. Le vécu du métier devient difficile avec le sentiment de ne pouvoir bien s’occuper de leurs bêtes et d’être empêché de bien faire leur travail. Une lassitude combinée à un manque de reconnaissance du métier conduisent à une détresse professionnelle et humaine. Les éleveurs se trouvent être dans une précarité au sens où le changement climatique peut révoquer leur métier. Ils sont bousculés dans leur attachement au lieu, avec un sentiment de perte des ressources naturelles autrefois plus stables. A la croisée des littératures sur l’adaptation au changement climatique et sur le travail, les transformations du métier d’éleveur méritent d’être davantage explorées pour aller vers davantage de résilience

Changing local climate patterns through hail suppression systems: conflict and inequalities between farmers and wine producers in the Burgundy Region (France)

International audienceMeteorological hazards can lead farmers to resort to strategies such as weather modifications. In this paper, we study how the use of such strategies, in this case silver iodide ground generators aimed at protecting vineyards from hail, caused a conflict between farmers (wine producers and cattle breeders) in Burgundy, France. The conflict emerged as the installation of these generators coincided with 3 years of severe droughts (2018, 2019 and 2020), which incurred additional expenses and organisational difficulties for local cattle breeders and led them to suspect a potential link between the generators and the droughts. We followed a transdisciplinary research approach, based on local stakeholder input and their need to mitigate the negative impacts of the conflict. Based on this approach, we studied the links between generator use and precipitation, and carried out in-depth interviews to study farmers' experiences of climate, generators and conflicts in the region. Whilst the climatic analysis shows no local or regional effects of the generators on precipitation volumes, the sociological study highlights the vulnerability of farmers to successive droughts, found to be part of a wider pattern of climate change based on water balance variables (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration potential, soil wetness index) over a long period (1959-2020). Our results suggest that the use of technical solutions to mitigate meteorological hazards, within a broader context of climate engineering, can lead to conflicts at the regional level, and that the climate change challenge in the context of agriculture requires a focus on wider social issues including vulnerability

La diversité des compositions isotopiques du Ca dans les os chez les Néandertaliens suggère des stratégies alimentaires différentes

International audienceZooarcheological and geochemical evidence suggests Neanderthals were top predators, but their adherence to a strictly carnivorous diet has been questioned. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of calcium stable isotopes to evaluate trophic and ecological relationships. Here, we measure the 44/42Ca values in bone samples from Mousterian contexts at Grotte du Bison (Marine Isotope Stage 3, Yonne, France) and Regourdou (Marine Isotope Stage 5, Dordogne, France) in two new Neanderthal individuals, associated fauna, and living local plants. We use a Bayesian mixing model to estimate the dietary composition of these Neanderthal individuals, plus a third one already analyzed. The results reveal three distinct diets: a diet including accidental or voluntary consumption of bone-based food, an intermediate diet, and a diet without consumption of bone-based food. This finding is the first demonstration of diverse subsistence strategies among Neanderthals and as such, reconciles archaeological and geochemical dietary evidence

Anatomically modern human in the Châtelperronian hominin collection from the Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure, Northeast France)

International audienceAround 42,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans appeared in Western Europe to the detriment of indigenous Neanderthal groups. It is during this period that new techno-cultural complexes appear, such as the Châtelperronian that extends from northern Spain to the Paris Basin. The Grotte du Renne (Arcy-sur-Cure) is a key site for discussing the biological identity of its makers. This deposit has yielded several Neanderthal human remains in its Châtelperronian levels. However, the last inventory of the paleoanthropological collection attributed to this techno-complex allowed the identification of an ilium belonging to a neonate (AR-63) whose morphology required a thorough analysis to assess its taxonomic attribution. Using geometric morphometrics, we quantified its morphology and compared it to that of 2 Neanderthals and 32 recent individuals deceased during the perinatal period to explore their morphological variation. Our results indicate a morphological distinction between the ilia of Neanderthals and anatomically modern neonates. Although AR-63 is slightly outside recent variability, it clearly differs from the Neanderthals. We propose that this is due to its belonging to an early modern human lineage whose morphology differs slightly from present-day humans. We also explore different hypotheses about the presence of this anatomically modern neonate ilium among Neanderthal remains

WNK1 regulates vasoconstriction and blood pressure response to α 1-adrenergic stimulation in mice.

International audienceGain-of-function mutations in the human WNK1 (with-no-lysine[K]1) gene are responsible for a monogenic form of arterial hypertension, and WNK1 polymorphisms have been associated with common essential hypertension. The role of WNK1 in renal ionic reabsorption has been established, but no investigation of its possible influence on vascular tone, an essential determinant of blood pressure, has been performed until now. WNK1 complete inactivation in the mouse is embryonically lethal. We, thus, examined in Wnk1(+/-) haploinsufficient adult mice whether WNK1 could regulate in vivo vascular tone and whether this was correlated with blood pressure variation. Wnk1(+/-) mice displayed a pronounced decrease in blood pressure responses in vivo and in vascular contractions ex vivo following α(1)-adrenergic receptor activation with no change in basal blood pressure and renal function. We also observed a major loss of the pressure-induced contractile (myogenic) response in Wnk1(+/-) arteries associated with a specific alteration of the smooth muscle cell contractile function. These alterations in vascular tone were associated with a decreased phosphorylation level of the WNK1 substrate SPAK (STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase) and its target NKCC1 (Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter 1) in Wnk1(+/-) arteries. Our study identifies a novel and major role for WNK1 in maintaining in vivo blood pressure and vasoconstriction responses specific to α(1)-adrenergic receptor activation. Our findings uncover a vascular signaling pathway linking α(1)-adrenergic receptors and pressure to WNK1, SPAK, and NKCC1 and may, thus, significantly broaden the comprehension of the regulatory mechanisms of vascular tone in arterial hypertension