OFFERETS PSYKOLOGI – KOGNITION OG RELIGION I EVOLUTIONÆR BELYSNING

Offeret udgør en ritualiseret centralstruktur i al religiøs praksis verden over, men hvad symboliserer denne handling egentlig? I herværende artikel anskues fænomenet fra en evolutionær psykologisk vinkel, og gennem tværkulturelle, komparative og eksperimentelle data argumenteres der for, at offeret ikke først og fremmest er et religiøst begreb, men snarere må betragtes som en nøglefaktor i menneskets socialitet, afspejlende et medfødt reciprocitetsprogram som er velkendt i dyreverdenen fra spermacethvaler og vampyrflagermus til primaterne og os selv. Det religiøse offer, som iscenesat ritual, tjener derfor nok som inspiration for den menneskelige samfærdsel, men er i grunden det symbolske udtryk for samme – og således et derivat, som henter dets hele indre hellighed fra dets evne til symbolsk fortætning af netop den udvekslingsnormativitet, der allerede er gældende praksis mellem mennesker uden for den intime yngelplejes nære relation. Det overordnede forhold mellem religion og evolution diskuteres dernæst, og det påpeges, at religionen er en af de nichekonstruktioner, der kan have gjort sig gældende i udviklingen af den menneskelige socialitet og moral. Dels som leverandør af udløsende nøglestimuli og dels som selekterende miljøfaktor i egen ret

Unio Mystica: - og den ændrede bevidstheds tilstande

The various states of altered consciousness are presented together with a short resume of the history and the main research results in the area. UNIO MYSTICA - the mysterious experience of unity is thereafter explained in more detail. The phenomenology of the experience is elucidated and a distinction between the contents and thequality of the experience is introduced. Furthermore the conditions linkage to psycho-physiological, somato-psychic and psychological functional processes are discussed. Finally the ontological status ofthe experience and its importance for our understanding of the human consciousness are encircled.Den ændrede bevidstheds forskellige tilstande præsenteres og en kort gennemgang af områdets historie og væsentligste forskningsresultater gennemføres. UNIO MYSTICA - den mystiske enhedsoplevelse, behandles dernæst mere udførligt. Oplevelsens fænomenologi belyses og en sondring mellem indholds- og oplevelseskvaliteter indføres. Tilstandens afsæt i psyko-fysiologiske, somato-psykiske og mere psykologisk funktionelle processer behandles ligeledes, og endelig søges oplevelsens ontologiske status og dens betydning for vor forståelse af den menneskelige bevidsthed indkredset

Angst og struktur - en organisationspsykologisk analyse

Al menneskelig aktivitet i et system er spændt ud i et net af strukturer, der ofte slet ikke bemærkes. Strukturerne er således deakser, omkring hvilke alle systemets større bevægelser drejer sig. Efter opstillingen af et analyseapparat til forstdelse af detsystemiske struktu,felt, tager herværende artikel sigte på at beskrive de komplekseforhold mellem angst (grad og art) og struktur,der hersker i et system. Det påvises, at angstniveauet særlig påvirkes af, hvor »expansive« ( åbne) eller »limiterende« (lukkede)strukturerne er, og at angsten antager specifikke former (»livsangst-strukturangst«), alt efter om det ene eller det andet sker.All human activity in a system is suspended in a network of structure, often not noticed at all. The structure are, thus, the axes around which all major movements of the system are tuming. After presentation of an analytical instrument for understandingthe systemic structural field, this study aims at describing the complex systemic relations between anxiety (degree and kind) and structure. It is demonstrated that the level of anxiety is particularly influenced by how »expansive« (open) or »Jimiting« (closed) the structures are, and that anxiety takes on specific forms (»life-anxiety -structure-anxiety«) depending on whether this or that happens

BEVIDSTHEDEN KYBERNETISK BETRAGTET

Ole Vedfeldt: Bevidsthed.Gyldendal, 1996. 364 s. Kr. 248.-.Anmeldt af Henrik Høgh-OlesenOle Vedfeldt: Bevidsthed.Gyldendal, 1996. 364 s. Kr. 248.-.Anmeldt af Henrik Høgh-Olese

Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating : universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2.

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating

Narcisismo y búsqueda estratégica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a través de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a través de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripción de la sexualidad internacional 2

Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.Estudios previos, en primer lugar a través de las muestras de culturas occidentales, han documentado asociaciones sistemáticas del narcisismo subclínico con múltiples indicadores de estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo (p. ej. sociosexualidad ilimitada, infidelidad, caza de pareja). En este estudio se han usado respuestas de la encuesta transcultural de 30.470 personas de 53 naciones de 11 regiones mundiales (América del Norte, América del Sur/América Central, Europa del Norte, Europa del Oeste, Europa del Este, Europa del Sur, Oriente Próximo, África, Asia del Sur/Sudoeste de Asia, Asia del Este y Oceanía) para evaluar si el narcisismo (medido por el Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista; NPI) se asocia panuniversalmente con los indicadores del emparejamiento a corto plazo, tanto en la dirección, como en la intensidad. Los resultados sugieren que el narcisismo (incluidos muchos aspectos suyos medidos por el NPI) tiene las mismas asociaciones básicas con los rasgos de personalidad relacionados con el sexo (p. ej. extraversión alta) y con los resultados sexuales claves (p. ej. búsqueda más activa de las estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo) a través de las 11 mayores regiones mundiales del PDSI 2. La discusión se enfoca en las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio actual

The basic moods of existence: the resonance of being in the human mind. An outline of natural existence psychology

An overview is provided of the psychological constituents of the emotionalregister, and particular focus is given to the longer-lasting existentialmoods – our being-attuned to being – as we as humans experienceit. The classic concepts of existentialism (Kierkegaard, Heidegger,Sartre) are reviewed and challenged. Moods, such as emptiness, meaninglessness,existential anxiety for freedom and nothingness, have notalways been dominating aspects of human existence, nor are they today.These moods primarily stem from urbanity and modernity, but worldwidethe majority of people do not know what autonomy, freedom andrelativity mean. The outer as well as the inner nature of humans andhuman existence have been underexposed in the field of classical andmodern existential thinking. The aim here is to remedy this shortcomingby presenting an empirically anchored outline of natural existential psychology,which, based on modern neuroscience, evolutionary psychology,comparative psychology and phenomenology, provides furtherknowledge about our basic existential moods and our species-specificresonances of a human being.Det emotionelle registers psykologiske konstituenter specificeres,og en særlig undersøgelse vies de længerevarende eksistentiellegrundstemninger, eller ”stemtheder”, som vi sommennesker kan opleve. Den klassiske eksistenstænknings (Kierkegaard,Heidegger, Sartre) bud på disse stemninger gennemgåsog udfordres. Stemninger som tomhed, meningsløshed,angsten for intet eller for friheden har ikke altid været en dominerendedel af den menneskelige væren, og det er de hellerikke i dag, argumenteres det. Disse stemninger er først og fremmesturbane, modernitetsstemninger; men størstedelen af jordensmennesker kender ikke til autonomi, frihed og relativitet.Naturen, den ydre såvel som den indre, har været underbelystinden for klassisk og moderne eksistenstænkning. Denne mangeltager herværende artikel sigte på at udbedre gennem enempirisk forankret skitse til en naturel eksistenspsykologi, dermed afsæt i moderne neurovidenskab, evolutionspsykologi,komparativ psykologi og fænomenologi byder ind på eksistensensgrundstemninger og menneskets artsspecifikke værensresonanser