Single-shot autocorrelator for KrF subpicosecond pulses based on two-photon fluorescence of cadmium vapor at X = 508 nm

By excitation of cadmium vapor with a high-peak-power KrF excimer laser pulse, fluorescence of an atomic transition at X = 508 nm is induced by a two-photon ionization process followed by fast recombination. The nonlinear response of the medium is used to develop a simple single-shot autocorrelator for subpicosecond KrF excimer laser pulses operating down to intensities of less than 109W/cm.2 We have measured 360-fs (FWHM) pulses at X = 248 nm with a time resolution of 15 fs

Depositional environments in parts of the Carbondale Formation, western and northern Illinois : Francis Creek Shale and associated strata, and Mazon Creek biota.

Prepared for annual field trip, Coal Geology Division, Geological Society of America, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Nov. 9-10, 1970.Includes bibliographies

The association between MPOWER tobacco control policies and adolescent smoking across 36 countries: An ecological study over time (2006–2014)

Objective: To examine associations over time between national tobacco control policies and adolescent smoking prevalence in Europe and Canada. Design: In this ecological study, national tobacco control policies (MPOWER measures, as derived from WHO data) in 36 countries and their changes over time were related to national-level adolescent smoking rates (as derived from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, 2006-2014). MPOWER measures included were: Protecting people from tobacco smoke (P), offering help to quit tobacco use (O), warning about the dangers of tobacco (W), enforcing bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship (E) and raising taxes on tobacco (R). Results: Across countries, adolescent weekly smoking decreased from 17.7% in 2006 to 11.6% in 2014. It decreased most strongly between 2010 and 2014. Although baseline MPOWER policies were not directly associated with differences in average rates of adolescent smoking between countries, countries with higher baseline smoke-free policies (P) showed faster rates of change in smoking over the time period. Moreover, countries that adopted increasingly strict policies regarding warning labels (W) over time, faced stronger declines over time in adolescent weekly smoking. Conclusion: A decade after the introduction of the WHO MPOWER package, we observed that, in our sample of European countries and Canada, measures targeting social norms around smoking (i.e., smoke-free policies in public places and policies related to warning people about the dangers of tobacco) are most strongly related to declines in adolescent smoking.publishedVersio

The association between MPOWER tobacco control policies and adolescent smoking across 36 countries : an ecological study over time (2006–2014)

Objective To examine associations over time between national tobacco control policies and adolescent smoking prevalence in Europe and Canada. Design In this ecological study, national tobacco control policies (MPOWER measures, as derived from WHO data) in 36 countries and their changes over time were related to national-level adolescent smoking rates (as derived from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, 2006-2014). MPOWER measures included were: Protecting people from tobacco smoke (P), offering help to quit tobacco use (O), warning about the dangers of tobacco (W), enforcing bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship (E) and raising taxes on tobacco (R). Results Across countries, adolescent weekly smoking decreased from 17.7% in 2006 to 11.6% in 2014. It decreased most strongly between 2010 and 2014. Although baseline MPOWER policies were not directly associated with differences in average rates of adolescent smoking between countries, countries with higher baseline smoke-free policies (P) showed faster rates of change in smoking over the time period. Moreover, countries that adopted increasingly strict policies regarding warning labels (W) over time, faced stronger declines over time in adolescent weekly smoking. Conclusion A decade after the introduction of the WHO MPOWER package, we observed that, in our sample of European countries and Canada, measures targeting social norms around smoking (i.e., smoke-free policies in public places and policies related to warning people about the dangers of tobacco) are most strongly related to declines in adolescent smoking.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Internet users' valuation of enhanced data protection on social media: which aspects of privacy are worth the most?

As the development of the Internet and social media has led to pervasive data collection and usage practices, consumers’ privacy concerns have increasingly grown stronger. While previous research has investigated consumer valuation of personal data and privacy, only few studies have investigated valuation of different privacy aspects (e.g., third party sharing). Addressing this research gap in the literature, the present study explores Internet users’ valuations of three different privacy aspects on a social networking service (i.e., Facebook), which are commonly captured in privacy policies (i.e., data collection, data control, and third party sharing). A total of 350 participants will be recruited for an experimental online study. The experimental design will consecutively contrast a conventional, free-of-charge version of Facebook with four hypothetical, privacy-enhanced premium versions of the same service. The privacy-enhanced premium versions will offer (1) restricted data collection on side of the company; (2) enhanced data control for users; and (3) no third party sharing, respectively. A fourth premium version offers full protection of all three privacy aspects. Participants’ valuation of the privacy aspects captured in the premium versions will be quantified measuring willingness-to-pay. Additionally, a psychological test battery will be employed to examine the psychological mechanisms (e.g., privacy concerns, trust, and risk perceptions) underlying the valuation of privacy. Overall, this study will offer insights into valuation of different privacy aspects, thus providing valuable suggestions for economically sustainable privacy enhancements and alternative business models that are beneficial to consumers, businesses, practitioners, and policymakers, alike

The Meigs Creek no. 9 coal bed in Ohio

The Meigs Creek no. 9 coal bed in Ohio: Part 1 - Geology and reserves, by William H. Smith, Russell A. Brant, and Fred Amos. Part 2 - Washability characteristics and other properties, by Peter O. Krumin.The location of the Meigs Creek coal deposits is shown on Map L (See following page.) As calculated in this study this bed extends in mineable thickness over 1040 square miles, and contains 3,973,331,000 tons of coal reserves. These remaining reserves in the Meigs Creek bed are believed to be the largest in any of Ohio's easily available coal deposits, except perhaps in the Pittsburgh #8 seam, The coal lies near the ~face and is easily accessible by stripping. This has caused a 400% rise in the production of coal from the seam during the past 8 years. Quality wise, the cool in the #9 seam does not compare well with other Ohio coals, so that to date its chief utilization has been in the production of electrical power, In much of the field, the seam occurs as two beds, or benches, separated by as much as 30 inches of clay parting which adds to the difficulty in mining and cleaning. This has necessitated the compilation of reserve tonnage separately for each of the benches. Part II of the report discusses laboratory investigations of methods of improving the quality of the coal by mechanical cleaning. Part I contains a discussion of the geology of the seam and gives the reserves by thickness (14 -28" , 28"-42", 42"-54", etc.) and by reliability category (proven, probable, and inferred) for each township in which mineable Meigs Creek coal occurs

Situation of child and adolescent health in Europe

To promote child health in Europe, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe developed the child and adolescent health strategy (2015–2020), which was adopted by all Member States of the WHO European Region. The strategy’s implementation was monitored through country profiles compiling existing health data and a survey sent to all 53 European ministries of health. Responses from 48 countries are described graphically, quantitatively and qualitatively. This report helps to review achievements and address gaps in realizing the full potential for the health and well-being of children and adolescents

Isolation and function of mouse tissue resident vascular precursors marked by myelin protein zero

Newly identified tissue-resident vascular precursor cells are recruited into growing vessels and contribute to vasculogenesis in adult mice