Entomologie.

Les principaux rabageurs de la culture cotonnière du C-4; Suivi des ravageurs dans l'écosystème et prise de décision; Méthodes de lutte intégrée; Lutte variétale; Contrôle chimique et techniques d'application; Techiques d'appliction des produits.bitstream/item/142479/1/Entomologie.pdfCOTON-4. Idioma: Francês e Português

Third generation cephalosporin use in a tertiary hospital in Port of Spain, Trinidad: need for an antibiotic policy

BACKGROUND: Tertiary care hospitals are a potential source for development and spread of bacterial resistance being in the loop to receive outpatients and referrals from community nursing homes and hospitals. The liberal use of third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) in these hospitals has been associated with the emergence of extended-spectrum beta- lactamases (ESBLs) presenting concerns for bacterial resistance in therapeutics. We studied the 3GC utilization in a tertiary care teaching hospital, in warded patients (medical, surgical, gynaecology, orthopedic) prescribed these drugs. METHODS: Clinical data of patients (≥ 13 years) admitted to the General Hospital, Port of Spain (POSGH) from January to June 2000, and who had received 3GCs based on the Pharmacy records were studied. The Sanford Antibiotic Guide 2000, was used to determine appropriateness of therapy. The agency which procures drugs for the Ministry of Health supplied the cost of drugs. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of use of 3GCs was 9.5 per 1000 admissions and was higher in surgical and gynecological admissions (21/1000) compared with medical and orthopedic (8 /1000) services (p < 0.05). Ceftriaxone was the most frequently used 3GC. Sixty-nine (36%) patients without clinical evidence of infection received 3Gcs and prescribing was based on therapeutic recommendations in 4% of patients. At least 62% of all prescriptions were inappropriate with significant associations for patients from gynaecology (p < 0.003), empirical prescribing (p < 0.48), patients with undetermined infection sites (p < 0.007), and for single drug use compared with multiple antibiotics (p < 0.001). Treatment was twice as costly when prescribing was inappropriate CONCLUSIONS: There is extensive inappropriate 3GC utilization in tertiary care in Trinidad. We recommend hospital laboratories undertake continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns so that appropriate changes in prescribing guidelines can be developed and implemented. Though guidelines for rational antibiotic use were developed they have not been re-visited or encouraged, suggesting urgent antibiotic review of the hospital formulary and instituting an infection control team. Monitoring antibiotic use with microbiology laboratory support can promote rational drug utilization, cut costs, halt inappropriate 3GC prescribing, and delay the emergence of resistant organisms. An ongoing antibiotic peer audit is suggested

Reconnaissance de ravageurs et ennemies naturels pour les pays C-4.

bitstream/item/99857/1/COTON-4-ECHANGE-EXPERIENCE-Reconnaissance-ravageurs-por-C4.pdfCOTON-4

Remediation of radioiodine using polyamine anion exchange resins

Two weak base anion exchange resins, Lewatit A365 and Purolite MTS9850, have been tested for the removal of aqueous iodide from conditions simulating nuclear waste reprocessing streams. pH variation and relevant co-contaminant addition (nitrate, molybdate and iodine) allowed for assessment of iodide extraction behaviour of each resin. Isotherm experiments were performed and maximum uptake capacities obtained exceed current industrial adsorbents, such as silver-impregnated zeolites. Maximum loading capacities, determined by Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm, were 761 ± 14 mg g−1 for MTS9850 and 589 ± 15 mg g−1 for A365. Uptake for both resins was significantly suppressed by nitrate and molybdate ions. The presence of dissolved iodine in the raffinate however, was found to increase iodide uptake. This was explained by characterisation of the spent resin surface by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, which determined the presence of triiodide, indicating charge-transfer complex formation on the surface. Dynamic studies assessed the effect of co-contaminants on iodide uptake in a column environment. Data was fitted to three dynamic models, with the Dose-Response model providing the best description of breakthrough. In all cases iodide breakthrough was accelerated, indicating suppression of uptake, but capacity was still significant

Plasmodium vivax lineages: geographical distribution, tandem repeat polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationship

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Multi-drug resistance and severe/complicated cases are the emerging phenotypes of vivax malaria, which may deteriorate current anti-malarial control measures. The emergence of these phenotypes could be associated with either of the two <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>lineages. The two lineages had been categorized as Old World and New World, based on geographical sub-division and genetic and phenotypical markers. This study revisited the lineage hypothesis of <it>P. vivax </it>by typing the distribution of lineages among global isolates and evaluated their genetic relatedness using a panel of new mini-satellite markers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>18S SSU rRNA S-type </it>gene was amplified from 420 <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>field isolates collected from different geographical regions of India, Thailand and Colombia as well as four strains each of <it>P. vivax </it>originating from Nicaragua, Panama, Thailand (Pak Chang), and Vietnam (ONG). A mini-satellite marker panel was then developed to understand the population genetic parameters and tested on a sample subset of both lineages.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>18S SSU rRNA S-type </it>gene typing revealed the distribution of both lineages (Old World and New World) in all geographical regions. However, distribution of <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>lineages was highly variable in every geographical region. The lack of geographical sub-division between lineages suggests that both lineages are globally distributed. Ten mini-satellites were scanned from the <it>P. vivax </it>genome sequence; these tandem repeats were located in eight of the chromosomes. Mini-satellites revealed substantial allelic diversity (7-21, <it>AE </it>= 14.6 ± 2.0) and heterozygosity (<it>He </it>= 0.697-0.924, <it>AE </it>= 0.857 ± 0.033) per locus. Mini-satellite comparison between the two lineages revealed high but similar pattern of genetic diversity, allele frequency, and high degree of allele sharing. A Neighbour-Joining phylogenetic tree derived from genetic distance data obtained from ten mini-satellites also placed both lineages together in every cluster.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The global lineage distribution, lack of genetic distance, similar pattern of genetic diversity, and allele sharing strongly suggested that both lineages are a single species and thus new emerging phenotypes associated with vivax malaria could not be clearly classified as belonging to a particular lineage on basis of their geographical origin.</p

FIGO (international Federation of Gynecology and obstetrics) initiative on fetal growth: best practice advice for screening, diagnosis, and management of fetal growth restriction

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of the fetus to meet its growth potential due to a pathological factor, most commonly placental dysfunction. Worldwide, FGR is a leading cause of stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and short- and long-term morbidity. Ongoing advances in clinical care, especially in definitions, diagnosis, and management of FGR, require efforts to effectively translate these changes to the wide range of obstetric care providers. This article highlights agreements based on current research in the diagnosis and management of FGR, and the areas that need more research to provide further clarification of recommendations. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive summary of available evidence along with practical recommendations concerning the care of pregnancies at risk of or complicated by FGR, with the overall goal to decrease the risk of stillbirth and neonatal mortality and morbidity associated with this condition. To achieve these goals, FIGO (the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) brought together international experts to review and summarize current knowledge of FGR. This summary is directed at multiple stakeholders, including healthcare providers, healthcare delivery organizations and providers, FIGO member societies, and professional organizations. Recognizing the variation in the resources and expertise available for the management of FGR in different countries or regions, this article attempts to take into consideration the unique aspects of antenatal care in low-resource settings (labelled “LRS” in the recommendations). This was achieved by collaboration with authors and FIGO member societies from low-resource settings such as India, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals &lt;1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

La maladie de Ménétrier en milieu hospitalier à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): étude de cas

La maladie de Ménétrier est une affection précancéreuse de l’estomac. Très peu d’études ont concerné cette affection dans le monde. Nous rapportons 3 cas colligés au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo. L’âge de nos malades était compris entre 51 et 73 ans avec une moyenne de 59 ans. Il s’agissait de 2 hommes et une femme de niveau socio-économique bas. Le tableau clinique était dominé par les épigastralgies, les hémorragies digestives hautes et les vomissements. La fibroscopie digestive montrait une gastropathie hypertrophique chez les trois patients avec suspicion de dégénérescence chez deux d’entre eux. L’histologie était en faveur de la maladie de Ménétrier dans tous les cas; mais elle ne confirmait la dégénérescence que chez un patient. Deux de nos patients ont bénéficié d’un traitement médical à base d’oméprazole, d’amoxicilline et de métronidazole chez l’un, clarithromycine chez l’autre. La troisième patiente a bénéficié d’une gastrectomie totale. Les suites opératoires ont été simples. La patiente s’est alimentée à base de produits liquides puis semi liquides. Les deux autres ont été perdus de vue. Ainsi, la maladie de Ménétrier reste rare et des études multicentriques pourraient permettre de dégager des protocoles de prise en charge adaptés à notre pays.Mots-clés: Maladie de Ménétrier- Epidémiologie- Diagnostic- Burkina FasoEnglish Title: Menetrier's disease in hospitals in Ouagadougou. (Burkina Faso): study of casesEnglish AbstractMenetrier's disease is a precancerous condition of the stomach. Very few studies have concerned this condition in the world. We report 3 cases collected at the University Hospital Center Yalgado Ouedraogo. The age of our patients was between 51 and 73 years old with an average age of 59 years. It was 2 men and awoman of low socio-economic level. The clinical picture was dominated by epigastralgia, upper gastrointestinal bleeding and vomiting. Digestive fibroscopy showed hypertrophic gastropathy in the three patients with suspicion of degeneration in two of them. The histology was in favor of Ménétrier's disease in all cases; but it only confirmed degeneration in a patient. Two of our patients received medical treatment with omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole in one, clarithromycin in the other. The third patient had a total gastrectomy. The postoperative course was simple. The patient was fed with liquid and semi-liquid products. The other two were lost sight of. Ménétrier's disease remains rare and multicentric studies could lead to treatment protocols adapted to our country.Keywords: Menetrier's disease- Epidemiology- Diagnosis- Burkina Fas