21 research outputs found
Acute health shocks and labour market outcomes
We investigate the labour supply response to acute health shocks experienced in the post-crash labour market by individuals of working age, using data from Understanding Society. Identification exploits uncertainty in the timing of an acute health shock, defined by the incidence of cancer, stroke, or heart attack. Results, obtained through a combination of coarsened exact and propensity score matching, show acute health shocks significantly reduce participation, with younger workers displaying stronger labour market attachment. The impact on older, more educated, women suggests an important role for preferences, financial constraints, and intra-household division of labour determining labour supply decisions
Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies
The standard Cold Dark Matter (CDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H0, the Ï8âS8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0 Ï tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decadeâs experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density m, and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (Ï8, f Ï8). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H0âS8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions
Apparent cosmic acceleration from type Ia supernovae
Parameters that quantify the acceleration of cosmic expansion are
conventionally determined within the standard
Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) model, which fixes spatial
curvature to be homogeneous. Generic averages of Einstein's equations in
inhomogeneous cosmology lead to models with non-rigidly evolving average
spatial curvature, and different parameterizations of apparent cosmic
acceleration. The timescape cosmology is a viable example of such a model
without dark energy. Using the largest available supernova data set, the JLA
catalogue, we find that the timescape model fits the luminosity
distance-redshift data with a likelihood that is statistically
indistinguishable from the standard spatially flat CDM cosmology by
Bayesian comparison. In the timescape case cosmic acceleration is non-zero but
has a marginal amplitude, with best fit apparent deceleration parameter,
. Systematic issues regarding standardization of
supernova light curves are analysed. Cuts of data at the statistical
homogeneity scale affect light curve parameter fits independent of cosmology. A
cosmological model dependency of empirical changes to the mean colour parameter
is also found. Irrespective of which model ultimately fits better, we argue
that as a competitive model with a non-FLRW expansion history, the timescape
model may prove a useful diagnostic tool for disentangling selection effects
and astrophysical systematics from the underlying expansion history
Baryon acoustic oscillation methods for generic curvature: Application to the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey
We develop methods for investigating baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO)
features in cosmological models with non-trivial curvature: models that are not
necessarily flat, close to flat, nor with constant spatial curvature. The class
of models to which our methods apply include LemaĂźtre-Tolman-Bondi models,
modified gravity cosmologies, and inhomogeneous cosmologies with backreaction -
in which we do not have a prediction of the shape of the spatial 2-point
correlation function, but where we nevertheless expect to see a BAO feature in
the present-day galaxy distribution, in form of an excess in the galaxy 2-point
correlation function.
We apply our methods to the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS)
dataset, investigating both the Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ÎCDM) and
timescape cosmological models as case studies. The correlation functions
measured in the two fiducial models contain a similarly-pronounced BAO feature.
We use the relative tangential and radial BAO scales to measure the anisotropic
Alcock-PaczyĆski distortion parameter, Δ, which is independent of
the underlying BAO preferred scale. We find that Δ is consistent with
zero in both fiducial cosmologies, indicating that models with a different
spatial curvature behaviour can account for the relative positions of the
tangential and radial BAO scale. We validate our methods using ÎCDM
mocks
Search for petroleum seepage on the Faroe Islands:Report on field work, June 8th- 15th, 2005 carried out as part of the SINDRI research project "<em>Petroleum systems in the greater Faroese region: an oil source correlation study"</em>
Geological section along the south and south-west coast of Disko, central West Greenland. 1:20000 coloured geological sheet
The effect of breast cancer on personal income three years after diagnosis by cancer stage and education: a register-based cohort study among Danish females
Solving the curvature and Hubble parameter inconsistencies through structure formation-induced curvature
Statut der Âdeutschen ornithologischen Gesellschaft zu BerlinÂ
Volume: 18Start Page: 73End Page: 7