Water, ethanol and carbon dioxide in fractionation and isolation of berry metabolites

There is no real need for use of harmful solvents. Water, ethanol and liquid or supercritical carbon dioxide are in most cases enough

Market implications of FMD epidemics in the Finnish pig sector: Does market structure matter?

This paper examines the role of market coordination and market distortions caused by a hypothetical FMD outbreak in the Finnish pig sector. By using stochastic dynamic programming, it simulates the consequences of two outbreak scenarios (large vs. small) under two distinct market regimes (competitive market vs. monopoly in the domestic supply). Simulated losses depend on the magnitude of outbreak and expected duration of possible turndown of meat exports, whereas market regime has a limited impact.Foreign trade, livestock epidemics, dynamic programming, Livestock Production/Industries,

Brottsenhet vid koppleri och människohandel

AbstractBefore the 2010s, questions regarding conflict of crimes had not gained much attention in the Finnish criminal jurisprudence. However, in more recent years such questions have been increasingly discussed. This is largely attributable to the Supreme Court of Finland having taken a stance on this question several times in the 2000s. Themost recent precedent on conflict of crimes was issued by the Supreme Court in the beginning of 2022. In the precedent KKO 2022:2, which concerned human trafficking for the purpose of labour, the Supreme Court took a stance on the counting of criminal offences in the context of human trafficking. It follows from the precedent that weight shall be given to the number of injured parties (crime victims) when determining whether individual acts constitute one or several criminal counts in the context of crimes that strongly violate legal interests linked to a person, such as health, freedom and the right to self-determination. The current paper uses the recent precedent to suggest how counting should be done within the context of other types of human trafficking and closely related crimes, such as procuring.The analysis concludes that when counting criminal offences, one must pay attention to differences between various types of crime, including the legal interests protected by the provision in question. Moreover, the circumstances of the case and the differences in criminal methods will affect the count, thus leading to different results. Criteria developed from case law and jurisprudence are given different weight depending on the applicable penal provisions and the circumstances of the case. It is noteworthy that neither the counting criteria nor the weights applied are permanent, but can vary as a consequence of social change. Social change regarding the position of crime victims has, in fact, affected the counting of criminal offences in the sense that nowadays more weight is given to the number of crime victims.

Välillinen tekeminen erikoisrikoksissa – välittömän tekijän tietämättömyys lain sisällöstä

Indirect commission in special offences – the ignorance of the agent regarding the content of the law Crimes are often committed as joint actions of several people. One form of complicity is commission of an offence through an agent, enacted in Chapter 5 Section 4 of the Criminal Code. In this form of complicity, the so-called ‘indirect actor’ (the perpetrator) takes advantage of another person (an agent), who cannot be punished for committing a crime due to e.g. the lack of criminal responsibility or the lack of intent. This article analyses the legal construction of indirect commission from the perspective of special offences. In this crime type, the criminal liability is targeted to a person in a specific position. The analysis concentrates on a situation in which the indirect actor, or perpetrator, uses a person who is ignorant of the content of the law as an agent. The ignorance of the agent is assessed as both a question of intent and/or negligence and from the perspective of the mistake regarding the unlawfulness of the act provision (Chapter 4 Section 2 of the Criminal Code). The article shows that Chapter 5 Section 4 of the Criminal Code is not applicable in all situations in which the perpetrator uses an ignorant agent, who fits the wording of the law. For this, the article suggests that the provision concerning indirect commission should be specified

Unusual Gram-negative bacteria cause more severe bacterial meningitis than the three classical agents in children

Aim To compare the characteristics, mortality and sequelae at hospital discharge of childhood bacterial meningitis (BM) caused by the three "classical" agents Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae or Streptococcus pneumoniae versus BM due to other aetiology in Finland, Latin America and Angola. Methods This observational study is a secondary analysis of data from five prospective treatment trials on non-neonatal BM in Finland, Latin America and Angola in 1984-2017. Results Of the 1568 cases, 1459 (93%) were caused by the classics, 80 (5%) by other Gram-negative and 29 (2%) by other Gram-positive bacteria. Nonclassical Gram-negative disease was encountered especially in Angola (p < 0.0001). Overall, children in the nonclassical group presented later for treatment and were more often underweight and anaemic (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, even if the area was strongest predictor of poor outcome, nonclassical Gram-negative BM increased the odds for death twofold and the odds for death or severe sequelae 2.5-fold. Conclusion BM of a nonclassical aetiology is a particularly severe disease affecting especially Angolan children poorly armoured to fight infections. Since vaccinations are diminishing the role of classical agents, that of nonclassical agents is growing.Peer reviewe

Importance of underweight in childhood bacterial meningitis in Finland, Latin America and Angola

Our objective was to explore the importance of underweight on the course of childhood bacterial meningitis (BM) at different study sites, because prior studies showed discrepant results. Using directly comparable, prospective data from three continents, weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) were determined by WHO Anthro programs in children with BM in Finland (N = 318), LatAm (N = 580), and Angola (N = 780) and compared with data describing the admission, course, and outcome of BM. WAZ < -1 indicates underweight; either mild (< -1 to -2), moderate (< -2 to -3), or severe (< -3). The mean WAZ (SD) was 0.17 (1.17), -0.42 (1.53), and -1.36 (1.44), and the prevalence of moderate-severe underweight 2.8%, 12.6%, and 31.3%, in Finland, LatAm, and Angola, respectively. In univariate analysis, LatAm and Angola showed an association between lower WAZ and poorer condition on admission, slower recovery, and more deaths. In Finland, infrequent underweight limited meaningful analysis. In multivariate analysis of different variables for increasing the odds of death, severe underweight had lower odds compared to disease severity in Angola, but highest in LatAm. Thus, the apparent discrepancy in underweights ' importance for increasing deaths varied from primary to more secondary according to locally more prominent risks.Peer reviewe

Prevalence and significance of anaemia in childhood bacterial meningitis : a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from clinical trials in Finland, Latin America and Angola

Objectives To describe the prevalence and severity of anaemia and to examine its associations with outcome in children with bacterial meningitis (BM). Design Secondary analysis of descriptive data from five randomised BM treatment trials. Setting Hospitals in Finland, Latin America and Angola. Participants Consecutive children from 2 months to 15 years of age admitted with BM and who had haemoglobin (Hb) measured on admission. Outcome measures Prevalence and degree of anaemia using the WHO criteria, and their associations with recovery with sequelae or death. Results The median Hb was 11.8 g/dL in Finland (N=341), 9.2 g/dL in Latin America (N=597) and 7.6 g/dL in Angola (N=1085). Of the children, 79% had anaemia, which was severe in 29%, moderate in 58% and mild in 13% of cases. Besides study area, having anaemia was independently associated with age 3 days, weight-for-age z-score Conclusion Anaemia, mostly moderate, was common in children with BM, especially in Angola, in underweight children, among those with treatment delay, and in pneumococcal meningitis. Poor outcome was associated with anaemia in all three continents.Peer reviewe

Antecedents of organizational creativity: drivers, barriers or both?

This paper reviews academic journal articles and scholarly books focusing on organizational creativity and constructs a schematic representation of the antecedents of organizational creativity, i.e. of the associated drivers and barriers. The literature on organizational creativity is reviewed using a traditional review technique. The focus is especially on more recent developments of the discourse, and therefore this work can be labeled as a stateof-the-art review. The review shows that drivers have clearly been studied more extensively than barriers. It was also recognized that the predominant approach among organizational creativity scholars is to dichotomize the factors influencing organizational creativity, more specifically to discuss the antecedents of creativity mostly from the viewpoint of drivers. In some cases, the antecedents are discussed from the perspective of barriers, but only rarely has it been recognized that the very same factor may either enhance or inhibit creativity. In this paper, such factors are called ‘either-or factors’. The paper suggests that the organizational creativity discourse should acknowledge that it is not enough to understand what enhances organizational creativity but also which kind of issues inhibit it and, especially, which factors may work either against or toward creativity under different circumstances. The review suggests that the majority of factors are most likely either-or by nature, although it has been overlooked in the discourse due to the dichotomizing tendency.</p