Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf das Verarbeitende Gewerbe – Ergebnisse einer Unternehmensbefragung

Auch wenn die Politik ihre Anstrengungen vor allem darauf richtet, den globalen Klimawandel zu vermeiden, kommt Anpassungsstrategien der Unternehmen eine mindestens ebenso bedeutsame Rolle zu. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat das ifo Institut zusammen mit der Technischen Universität Dresden eine Befragung von Unternehmen zu ihrer individuellen Betroffenheit durch die Folgen des Klimawandels durchgeführt. Insgesamt berichten die Firmen von relativ geringen negativen Auswirkungen durch Extremwetterereignisse. Die stärksten negativen Folgen sehen die Industrieunternehmen durch Kälteperioden, die im Zuge des Klimawandels sogar zurückgehen könnten. Bezüglich der Auswirkungen von Extremwetterereignissen zeigen sich keine bedeutenden Unterschiede zwischen Größenklasse der Unternehmen und regionaler Zugehörigkeit. Nach Angaben der Befragungsteilnehmer werden die Unternehmensbereiche Einkauf und Logistik am stärksten negativ vom Klimawandel betroffen sein. Im Bereich Innovation hingegen erwarten die Unternehmen im Mittel positive Auswirkungen aufgrund klimatischer Veränderungen. Dies könnte ein Indiz dafür sein, dass die Firmen in der Zukunft dazu angehalten werden, diverse Neuerungen oder Anpassungsmaßnahmen wie beispielsweise saubere Produktionstechnologien zu implementieren.

Effect of Different Phospholipids on α-Secretase Activity in the Non-Amyloidogenic Pathway of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), generated by proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. Aβ generation is inhibited when the initial ectodomain shedding is caused by α-secretase, cleaving APP within the Aβ domain. Therefore, an increase in α-secretase activity is an attractive therapeutic target for AD treatment. APP and the APP-cleaving secretases are all transmembrane proteins, thus local membrane lipid composition is proposed to influence APP processing. Although several studies have focused on γ-secretase, the effect of the membrane lipid microenvironment on α-secretase is poorly understood. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effect of fatty acid (FA) acyl chain length (10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0), membrane polar lipid headgroup (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine), saturation grade and the FA double-bond position on α-secretase activity. We found that α-secretase activity is significantly elevated in the presence of FAs with short chain length and in the presence of polyunsaturated FAs, whereas variations in the phospholipid headgroups, as well as the double-bond position, have little or no effect on α-secretase activity. Overall, our study shows that local lipid membrane composition can influence α-secretase activity and might have beneficial effects for AD

Myotonia permanens with Nav1.4-G1306E displays varied phenotypes during course of life

Myotonia permanens due to Nav1.4-G1306E is a rare sodium channelopathy with potentially life-threatening respiratory complications. Our goal was to study phenotypic variability throughout life

Replication by the Epistasis Project of the interaction between the genes for IL-6 and IL-10 in the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Background: Chronic inflammation is a characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An interaction associated with the risk of AD has been reported between polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of the genes for the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6, gene: IL6), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10, gene: IL10).Methods: We examined this interaction in the Epistasis Project, a collaboration of 7 AD research groups, contributing DNA samples from 1,757 cases of AD and 6,295 controls.Results: We replicated the interaction. For IL6 rs2069837 AA x IL10 rs1800871 CC, the synergy factor (SF) was 1.63 (95% confidence interval: 1.10-2.41, p = 0.01), controlling for centre, age, gender and apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE epsilon 4) genotype. Our results are consistent between North Europe (SF = 1.7, p = 0.03) and North Spain (SF = 2.0, p = 0.09). Further replication may require a meta-analysis. However, association due to linkage disequilibrium with other polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of these genes cannot be excluded.Conclusion: We suggest that dysregulation of both IL-6 and IL-10 in some elderly people, due in part to genetic variations in the two genes, contributes to the development of AD. Thus, inflammation facilitates the onset of sporadic AD

Visualization of Inflammation in Experimental Colitis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Very Small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn´s disease (CD). Both forms present with a chronic inflammation of the (gastro) intestinal tract, which induces excessive changes in the composition of the associated extracellular matrix (ECM). In UC, the inflammation is limited to the colon, whereas it can occur throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract in CD. Tools for early diagnosis of IBD are still very limited and highly invasive and measures for standardized evaluation of structural changes are scarce. To investigate an efficient non-invasive way of diagnosing intestinal inflammation and early changes of the ECM, very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (VSOPs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied in two mouse models of experimental colitis: the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the transfer model of colitis. For further validation of ECM changes and inflammation, tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For in depth ex-vivo investigation of VSOPs localization within the tissue, Europium-doped VSOPs served to visualize the contrast agent by imaging mass cytometry (IMC). VSOPs accumulation in the inflamed colon wall of DSS-induced colitis mice was visualized in T2* weighted MRI scans. Components of the ECM, especially the hyaluronic acid content, were found to influence VSOPs binding. Using IMC, co-localization of VSOPs with macrophages and endothelial cells in colon tissue was shown. In contrast to the DSS model, colonic inflammation could not be visualized with VSOP-enhanced MRI in transfer colitis. VSOPs present a potential contrast agent for contrast-enhanced MRI to detect intestinal inflammation in mice at an early stage and in a less invasive manner depending on hyaluronic acid content

Decreased expression of breast cancer resistance protein in the duodenum in patients with obstructive cholestasis

Background/Aims: The expression of transporters involved in bile acid homeostasis is differentially regulated during obstructive cholestasis. Since the drug efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is known to transport bile acids, we investigated whether duodenal BCRP expression could be altered during cholestasis. Methods: Using real-time RT-PCR analysis we determined mRNA expression levels in duodenal tissue of 19 cholestatic patients. Expression levels were compared to 14 healthy subjects. BCRP protein staining was determined in biopsies of 6 cholestatic and 6 healthy subjects by immunohistochemistry. Results: We found that in patients with obstructive cholestasis mean duodenal BCRP mRNA levels were significantly reduced to 53% and mean protein staining was reduced to 57%. Conclusions: BCRP, a transporter for bile acids and numerous drugs, appears to be down-regulated in the human duodenum during cholestasis. The clinical impact of these results has to be investigated in further studies. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

Vitamin D and Its Analogues Decrease Amyloid-β (Aβ) Formation and Increase Aβ-Degradation

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular plaques in the brain, mainly consisting of amyloid-β (Aβ), as derived from sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. Epidemiological studies suggest a tight link between hypovitaminosis of the secosteroid vitamin D and AD. Besides decreased vitamin D level in AD patients, an effect of vitamin D on Aβ-homeostasis is discussed. However, the exact underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated and nothing is known about the potential effect of vitamin D analogues. Here we systematically investigate the effect of vitamin D and therapeutically used analogues (maxacalcitol, calcipotriol, alfacalcidol, paricalcitol, doxercalciferol) on AD-relevant mechanisms. D2 and D3 analogues decreased Aβ-production and increased Aβ-degradation in neuroblastoma cells or vitamin D deficient mouse brains. Effects were mediated by affecting the Aβ-producing enzymes BACE1 and γ-secretase. A reduced secretase activity was accompanied by a decreased BACE1 protein level and nicastrin expression, an essential component of the γ-secretase. Vitamin D and analogues decreased β-secretase activity, not only in mouse brains with mild vitamin D hypovitaminosis, but also in non-deficient mouse brains. Our results further strengthen the link between AD and vitamin D, suggesting that supplementation of vitamin D or vitamin D analogues might have beneficial effects in AD prevention

Noncytopathic Clearance of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus from the Hepatocyte

We have previously shown that interferon and tumor necrosis factor noncytopathically abolish hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication from the hepatocyte and kidney tubular epithelial cells in vivo. Here we show that a persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection is cleared from the hepatocyte noncytopathically when the same cytokines are induced in the liver by antigen-nonspecific stimuli. These results indicate that, like HBV, LCMV is also susceptible to intracellular inactivation by cytokine-induced antiviral mechanisms that are operative in the hepatocyte. In contrast, LCMV is not cleared from intrahepatic nonparenchymal cells or splenocytes, indicating that, unlike the hepatocyte, these cells do not produce the factors required to inactivate LCMV. Antiviral mechanisms like these may have evolved to maintain the functional integrity of vital organs in the face of massive infection

Gewaltschutzstrukturen für Menschen mit Behinderungen - Bestandsaufnahme und Empfehlungen

Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales wurde von August 2020 bis Juli 2021 eine empirische Studie zu Gewaltschutzstrukturen für Menschen mit Behinderungen durchgeführt. Wie bereits bisherige Forschung gezeigt hat, sind Menschen mit Behinderungen einem besonders hohen Risiko ausgesetzt, Gewalt in verschiedenen Lebensbereichen zu erfahren. Die vorhandenen Unterstützungsstrukturen und Angebote sind für diesen Personenkreis häufig nicht barrierefrei erreichbar und nutzbar. Vor allem für Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner stationärer Wohneinrichtungen ist die Suche nach Unterstützung oftmals sehr herausfordernd. Zunächst erfolgte eine Dokumentenanalyse, in der vorwiegend juristische und strukturelle Rahmenbedingungen beleuchtet wurden. In die hierzu erstellte Rechtsanalyse zum Gewaltschutz sind auch Interviews mit Expertinnen und Experten eingeflossen. Um vertiefende, vielfältige Einblicke in die Praxis des Gewaltschutzes vor Ort zu erhalten, wurden qualitative Interviews mit Bewohnerinnen und Bewohnern, Werkstattbeschäftigten, Frauenbeauftragten, dem Fachpersonal und dem professionellen Umfeld in unterschiedlichen Bundesländern durchgeführt. Aus den Erkenntnissen der empirischen Studie wurden Verbesserungsvorschläge abgeleitet, die abschließend in zentrale Handlungsempfehlungen münden. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Gewalt und Gewaltschutz hat in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Einzug in die soziale Arbeit erhalten. Mit Blick auf die in der Studie ermittelten Verbesserungsbedarfe bleibt eine kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung und Evaluation der vorhandenen Schutz- und Unterstützungsstrukturen für von Gewalt betroffene Menschen mit Beeinträchtigungen auch zukünftig unabdingbar.On behalf of the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS), an empirical study on violence protection structures for persons with disabilities was conducted from August 2020 to July 2021. Previous research has shown that people with disabilities are at particularly high risk of experiencing violence. The existing support systems and services are often not accessible and usable for this target group. Residents in residential facilities find the search for support especially challenging. A document analysis and evaluation of legal and structural framework conditions was carried out. The legal analysis included interviews with experts at federal, state municipal and institutional levels. In order to gain insight into the practice of violence protection on site, qualitative individual and group interviews were conducted with residents, workshop employees, women's representatives and specialist staff in several federal states. The findings of the study have led to cross-institutional recommendations for action. The discussion of, and the protection against, violence have become increasingly important in social work in recent years. In view of the need for improvement identified, a continuous further development and evaluation of the existing protection and support structures for people with disabilities affected by violence remains indispensable for the future