22 research outputs found
Vad Àr det att vara en elev i behov av sÀrskilt stöd? Olika synsÀtt pÄ skolsvÄrigheter
No full textSĂ€ttet att tala om elevers skolsvĂ„righeter har över tid förskjutits frĂ„n att tala om elever med behov - till elever i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd. Detta har inneburit att fokuset pĂ„ elevers skolsvĂ„righeter har varit att se âproblemetâ som individbundet, till att mer gĂ„ i riktning mot att se omgivande förhĂ„llanden som de bidragande faktorerna till att elever Ă€r i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd. Det övergripande syftet med detta arbete Ă€r att analysera förestĂ€llningen hur âbehov av sĂ€rskilt stödâ formuleras genom att spegla relationerna mellan forskning och pedagogers synsĂ€tt. Den frĂ„ga som genomsyrar hela arbetet Ă€r vad Ă€r det att vara en elev i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd. Arbetet bestĂ„r av tvĂ„ huvudsakliga delar, dĂ€r den första delen belyser hur forskning, offentliga utredningar och skolans styrdokument talar om elever i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd, samt vilka synsĂ€tt som finns pĂ„ elever i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd. Det som har framkommit i detta arbete Ă€r att det finns tvĂ„ huvudsakliga perspektiv pĂ„ elevers skolsvĂ„righeter, att bristen Ă€r individbunden eller att det Ă€r omgivningen som Ă€r bristande. UtifrĂ„n detta har ett tredje perspektiv framkommit som söker efter att se till bĂ„de hur omgivningen tillmötesgĂ„r eleven samtidigt som perspektivet ser till de eventuella behov som eleven har. Detta perspektiv söker efter hur man ska kunna hantera elevers skolsvĂ„righeter utifrĂ„n situationen. I del tvĂ„ belyser vi de intervjuer som vi har genomfört för att fĂ„ pedagogers synsĂ€tt pĂ„ vad det Ă€r att vara en elev i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd. Det har bland annat framkommit att pedagoger har svĂ„rt att definiera begreppet vad Ă€r det att vara en elev i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd, dĂ„ pedagogerna menar att man kan skriva en lĂ„ng lista pĂ„ vilka orsaker som utgör att en elev Ă€r i behov av sĂ€rskilt stöd. Pedagogerna beskriver vidare att det Ă€r frĂ„n fall till fall gĂ€llande vilka elever som ska fĂ„ sĂ€rskilt stöd. Det som har framkommit av arbetet Ă€r att man söker efter tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt för att pĂ„ bĂ€sta sĂ€tt kunna hantera elevers skolsvĂ„righeter utifrĂ„n de möjligheter som finns att tillgĂ„
Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing supports a sister group relationship of Nigritella and Gymnadenia (Orchidaceae)
No full textThe orchid genus Nigritella is closely related to Gymnadenia and has from time to time been merged with the latter. Although Nigritella is morphologically distinct, it has been suggested that the separating characters are easily modifiable and subject to rapid evolutionary change. So far, molecular phylogenetic studies have either given support for the inclusion of Nigritella in Gymnadenia, or for their separation as different genera. To resolve this issue, we analysed data obtained from Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RADseq, which provides a large number of SNPs distributed across the entire genome. To analyse samples of different ploidies, we take an analytical approach of building a reduced genomic reference based on de novo RADseq loci reconstructed from diploid accessions only, which we further use to map and call variants across both diploid and polyploid accessions. We found that Nigritella is distinct from Gymnadenia forming a well-supported separate clade, and that genetic diversity within Gymnadenia is high. Within Gymnadenia, taxa characterized by an ITS-E ribotype (G. conopsea s.str. (early flowering) and G. odoratissima), are divergent from taxa characterized by ITS-L ribotype (G. frivaldii, G. densiflora and late flowering G. conopsea). Gymnigritella runei is confirmed to have an allopolyploid origin from diploid Gymnadenia conopsea and tetraploid N. nigra ssp. nigra on the basis of RADseq data. Within Nigritella the aggregation of polyploid members into three clear-cut groups as suggested by allozyme and nuclear microsatellite data was further supported
An efficient strategy for high-throughput expression screening of recombinant integral membrane proteins
No full textThe recombinant expression of integral membrane proteins is considered a major challenge, and together with the crystallization step, the major hurdle toward routine structure determination of membrane proteins. Basic methodologies for high-throughput (HTP) expression optimization of soluble proteins have recently emerged, providing statistically significant success rates for producing such proteins. Experimental procedures for handling integral membrane proteins are generally more challenging, and there have been no previous comprehensive reports of HTP technology for membrane protein production
Data from: Phylogenomic relationships of diploids and the origins of Allotetraploids in Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae)
No full textDisentangling phylogenetic relationships proves challenging for groups that have evolved recently, especially if there is ongoing reticulation. Although they are in most cases immediately isolated from diploid relatives, sets of sibling allopolyploids often hybridize with each other, thereby increasing the complexity of an already challenging situation. Dactylorhiza (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae) is a genus much affected by allopolyploid speciation and reticulate phylogenetic relationships. Here we use genetic variation at tens of thousands of genomic positions to unravel the convoluted evolutionary history of Dactylorhiza. We first investigate circumscription and relationships of diploid species in the genus using coalescent and maximum likelihood methods, and then group 16 allotetraploids by maximum affiliation to their putative parental diploids, implementing a method based on genotype likelihoods. The direction of hybrid crosses is inferred for each allotetraploid using information from maternally inherited plastid RADseq loci. Starting from age estimates of parental taxa, the relative ages of these allotetraploid entities are inferred by quantifying their genetic similarity to the diploids and numbers of private alleles compared with sibling allotetraploids. Whereas northwestern Europe is dominated by young allotetraploids of postglacial origins, comparatively older allotetraploids are distributed further south, where climatic conditions remained relatively stable during the Pleistocene glaciations. Our bioinformatics approach should prove effective for the study of other naturally occurring, non-model, polyploid plant complexes
