Conservative When Crowded: Social Crowding and Consumer Choice

This is the published version. Copyright 2013 by American Marketing Association.Does the mere crowdedness of the environment affect people's choices and preferences? In six studies, the authors show that social crowdedness not only leads to greater accessibility of safety-related constructs but also results in greater preference for safety-oriented options (e.g., preferring to visit a pharmacy to a convenience store), being more receptive to prevention- (rather than promotion-) framed messages, and being more risk averse with real money gambles. In support of the authors' underlying avoidance motivation perspective, these effects are mediated by participants' net prevention focus and are attenuated when the crowd in question consists of in-group members. The authors close by discussing the practical and theoretical implications of the results

Beitrag zur Herpetologie und Zoogeographie Neu Britanniens und einiger umliegender Gebiete. Mit 6 Abbildungen im Text.

Gecorrigeerd via dispenserDiss. Basel.OPLADEN-RUG0

Obesity from cradle to grave

BACKGROUND: Obesity is known to track from early life into adult life.OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of obesity in adult life to growth and living conditions during childhood.DESIGN: Birth cohort study.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4515 people (2135 men and 2380 women) who were born at Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1934 and 1944, who attended child welfare clinics and were still resident in Finland in the year 2000.MEASUREMENTS: Incidence of obesity based upon lifetime maximum body mass index (BMI) ascertained from a postal questionnaire and defined as a BMI30 kg/m2. The main explanatory measurements were size at birth, childhood growth, and socioeconomic status in childhood and in adult life.RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of obesity was 33.8% in men and 32.4% in women. The incidence rose with increasing body size at birth. From birth the mean weight and BMI of people who later became obese exceeded the average and remained above average at a statistically significant level at all ages from 6 months to 12 y. Childhood BMI was a stronger predictor of adult obesity than body size at birth. A higher maternal BMI in pregnancy was associated with a more rapid childhood growth and an increased risk of becoming obese in adult life. Higher socioeconomic status and better educational attainment were associated with a lower prevalence of obesity. There was no association between the duration of breastfeeding and later obesity.CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of early life factors in the pathogenesis of adult obesity