Collateral transgression of planetary boundaries due to climate engineering by terrestrial carbon dioxide removal

The planetary boundaries framework provides guidelines for defining thresholds in environmental variables. Their transgression is likely to result in a shift in Earth system functioning away from the relatively stable Holocene state. As the climate system is approaching critical thresholds of atmospheric carbon, several climate engineering methods are discussed, aiming at a reduction of atmospheric carbon concentrations to control the Earth's energy balance. Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) via afforestation or bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage are part of most climate change mitigation scenarios that limit global warming to less than 2°C. We analyse the co-evolutionary interaction of societal interventions via tCDR and the natural dynamics of the Earth's carbon cycle. Applying a conceptual modelling framework, we analyse how the degree of anticipation of the climate problem and the intensity of tCDR efforts with the aim of staying within a "safe" level of global warming might influence the state of the Earth system with respect to other carbon-related planetary boundaries. Within the scope of our approach, we show that societal management of atmospheric carbon via tCDR can lead to a collateral transgression of the planetary boundary of land system change. Our analysis indicates that the opportunities to remain in a desirable region within carbon-related planetary boundaries only exist for a small range of anticipation levels and depend critically on the underlying emission pathway. While tCDR has the potential to ensure the Earth system's persistence within a carbon-safe operating space under low-emission pathways, it is unlikely to succeed in a business-as-usual scenario

Collateral transgression of planetary boundaries due to climate engineering by terrestrial carbon dioxide removal

The planetary boundaries framework provides guidelines for defining thresholds in environmental variables. Their transgression is likely to result in a shift in Earth system functioning away from the relatively stable Holocene state. As the climate system is approaching critical thresholds of atmospheric carbon, several climate engineering methods are discussed, aiming at a reduction of atmospheric carbon concentrations to control the Earth's energy balance. Terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) via afforestation or bioenergy production with carbon capture and storage are part of most climate change mitigation scenarios that limit global warming to less than 2°C. We analyse the co-evolutionary interaction of societal interventions via tCDR and the natural dynamics of the Earth's carbon cycle. Applying a conceptual modelling framework, we analyse how the degree of anticipation of the climate problem and the intensity of tCDR efforts with the aim of staying within a "safe" level of global warming might influence the state of the Earth system with respect to other carbon-related planetary boundaries. Within the scope of our approach, we show that societal management of atmospheric carbon via tCDR can lead to a collateral transgression of the planetary boundary of land system change. Our analysis indicates that the opportunities to remain in a desirable region within carbon-related planetary boundaries only exist for a small range of anticipation levels and depend critically on the underlying emission pathway. While tCDR has the potential to ensure the Earth system's persistence within a carbon-safe operating space under low-emission pathways, it is unlikely to succeed in a business-as-usual scenario

Corrigendum: Impacts devalue the potential of large-scale terrestrial CO2 removal through biomass plantations

Due to a technical error in finalizing the manuscript (Boysen et al 2015 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 095010), the left-hand side of panel b of figure 2 does not depict the correct data values. The correct figure is as given here. The error is one of depiction only: Numbers stated and discussed in the text are correct throughout and table 2 contains the correct numbers. We regret the error in the production of the figure and apologize to readers for inconvenience this may have caused.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659Peer Reviewe

Simulating second-generation herbaceous bioenergy crop yield using the global hydrological model H08 (v.bio1)

Large-scale deployment of bioenergy plantations would have adverse effects on water resources. There is an increasing need to ensure the appropriate inclusion of the bioenergy crops in global hydrological models. Here, through parameter calibration and algorithm improvement, we enhanced the global hydrological model H08 to simulate the bioenergy yield from two dedicated herbaceous bioenergy crops: Miscanthus and switchgrass. Site-specific evaluations showed that the enhanced model had the ability to simulate yield for both Miscanthus and switchgrass, with the calibrated yields being well within the ranges of the observed yield. Independent country-specific evaluations further confirmed the performance of the H08 (v.bio1). Using this improved model, we found that unconstrained irrigation more than doubled the yield under rainfed condition, but reduced the water use efficiency (WUE) by 32 % globally. With irrigation, the yield in dry climate zones can exceed the rainfed yields in tropical climate zones. Nevertheless, due to the low water consumption in tropical areas, the highest WUE was found in tropical climate zones, regardless of whether the crop was irrigated. Our enhanced model provides a new tool for the future assessment of bioenergy–water tradeoffs

The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal

Massive near‐term greenhouse gas emissions reduction is a precondition for staying “well below 2°C” global warming as envisaged by the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, extensive terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (tCDR) through managed biomass growth and subsequent carbon capture and storage is required to avoid temperature “overshoot” in most pertinent scenarios. Here, we address two major issues: First, we calculate the extent of tCDR required to “repair” delayed or insufficient emissions reduction policies unable to prevent global mean temperature rise of 2.5°C or even 4.5°C above pre‐industrial level. Our results show that those tCDR measures are unable to counteract “business‐as‐usual” emissions without eliminating virtually all natural ecosystems. Even if considerable (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 [RCP4.5]) emissions reductions are assumed, tCDR with 50% storage efficiency requires >1.1 Gha of the most productive agricultural areas or the elimination of >50% of natural forests. In addition, >100 MtN/yr fertilizers would be needed to remove the roughly 320 GtC foreseen in these scenarios. Such interventions would severely compromise food production and/or biosphere functioning. Second, we reanalyze the requirements for achieving the 160–190 GtC tCDR that would complement strong mitigation action (RCP2.6) in order to avoid 2°C overshoot anytime. We find that a combination of high irrigation water input and/or more efficient conversion to stored carbon is necessary. In the face of severe trade‐offs with society and the biosphere, we conclude that large‐scale tCDR is not a viable alternative to aggressive emissions reduction. However, we argue that tCDR might serve as a valuable “supporting actor” for strong mitigation if sustainable schemes are established immediately

Facilitators of the transition process for the self-care of the person with stoma: subsidies for Nursing

OBJETIVO Conhecer os fatores facilitadores do processo de transição da dependência para o autocuidado da pessoa com um estoma. MÉTODO Pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, incluindo 27 pessoas com estomas definitivos por câncer. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista semiestruturada e submetidos à análise de conteúdo utilizando como referencial teórico a Teoria das Transições. RESULTADOS Verificaram-se como facilitadores do autocuidado relacionados à pessoa, a significação positiva da estomização; o preparo para essa experiência ainda no pré-operatório; a estabilidade emocional; a fé; a religiosidade; e a sensação de normalidade adquirida a partir de uma imagem próxima da anterior. Como facilitadores relacionados à comunidade, foram encontrados: receber equipamentos pelo Governo de forma gratuita; apoio da família e da equipe multiprofissional, em especial do enfermeiro; e contato com outras pessoas com estomas. CONCLUSÃO Esses resultados permitem que o enfermeiro desenvolva estratégias para auxiliar a pessoa com estoma a retomar seu autocuidado.OBJETIVO Conocer los factores facilitadores del proceso de transición de la dependencia para el autocuidado de la persona con estoma. MÉTODO Investigación descriptiva, con abordaje cualitativo, incluyéndose a 27 personas con ostomías definitivas por cáncer. Los datos fueron recogidos mediante entrevista semiestructurada y sometidos al análisis de contenido utilizando como marco de referencia teórico la Teoría de las Transiciones. RESULTADOS Se verificaron como facilitadores del autocuidado relacionados con la persona: la significación positiva de la estomización; la preparación para esa experiencia aún en el preoperatorio; la estabilidad emocional; la fe; la religiosidad; y la sensación de normalidad adquirida a partir de una imagen próxima de la anterior. Como facilitadores relacionados con la comunidad, se encontraron: recibir equipos del gobierno de forma gratuita; apoyo de la familia y del equipo multiprofesional, en especial del enfermero; y el contacto con otras personas estomizadas. CONCLUSIÓN Esos resultados permiten que el enfermero desarrolle estrategias para auxiliar a la persona con estoma a retomar su autocuidado.OBJECTIVE To know the facilitating factors of the transition process from dependency to the self-care of people with a stoma. METHOD This is a descriptive study of qualitative approach, including 27 people with permanent stomas due to cancer. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and submitted to content analysis based on the Transition Theory as theoretical reference. RESULTS The self-care facilitators related to the person were the positive significance of ostomy; the preparation for this experience already in the preoperative period; emotional stability; faith; religiousness; and a sense of normalcy acquired from a next image similar to the previous one. The facilitators related to the community were the following: receiving equipment for free from the government; support from family and the multidisciplinary team, especially the nurses; and having contact with other people with stomata. CONCLUSION The results allow that nurses develop strategies to help people with stomata to resume their self-care

Reiki therapy in Family Health Strategy: perceptions of nurses / A terapia do reiki na Estratégia de Saúde da Família: percepção dos enfermeiros

Objetivo: A pesquisa objetivou conhecer os sentimentos vivenciados por enfermeiras que atuam junto a Estratégias de Saúde da Família após receberem aplicação de reiki. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo exploratório. Os sujeitos investigados foram oito enfermeiras atuantes em Estratégias de Saúde da Família do norte do Rio Grande do Sul, submetidas a três sessões de reiki e posteriormente entrevistadas utilizando-se a técnica da entrevista semi-estruturada contendo questões abertas e fechadas. O estudo foi realizado entre os meses de agosto a novembro de 2013. A análise dos resultados considerou a proposta de Bardin. Resultados: Constatou-se que o reiki melhora da qualidade de vida destes profissionais, equilibrando o físico, o mental, o emocional e o espiritual.  Conclusão: Reflete a importância do profissional enfermeiro, dispor desta ferramenta de cuidado para tratar o usuário do serviço, atuando de forma integral.

Renewable energy resource assessment

© The Author(s) 2019. Literature overview of published global and regional renewable energy potential estimates. This section provides definitions for different types of RE potentials and introduces a new category, the economic renewable energy potential in space constrained environments. The potential for utility scale solar and onshore wind in square kilometre and maximum possible installed capacity (in GW) are provided for 75 different regions. The results set the upper limits for the deployment of solar- and wind technologies for the development of the 2.0 °C and 1.5 °C energy pathways

Cross-talk between phosphorylation and lysine acetylation in a genome-reduced bacterium

The effect of kinase, phosphatase and N-acetyltransferase deletions on proteome phosphorylation and acetylation was investigated in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Bi-directional cross-talk between post-transcriptional modifications suggests an underlying regulatory molecular code in prokaryotes