The Superfluity of Purgatory

This article is a refutation of Jerry Walls\u27s model of Purgatory, based on God\u27s respect of our free will and the necessity of morally significant choices. Additionally, it will show how Walls\u27s positing of a temporal Purgatory as a means of sanctification through cooperation with God is unnecessary for the Christian in light of our earthly life and God\u27s perfect justice and omnipotence. Finally, it will speculate as to the effects of an instantaneous purification and how it fits more clearly with traditional doctrine

Chefs’ Perspectives of Failures in Foodservice Kitchens, part 2: A phenomenological Exploration of the Consequences and Handling of Food Production Failure

This paper explores the consequences of food production failure (FPF) and its handling in foodservice operations from the perspective of chefs. A phenomenological epistemology and qualitative methodology were followed. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with chefs working in independent restaurants and hotels were carried out using purposive sampling, and employing an emic posture. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, read repetitively, and coded. Thematic analysis yielded themes on the consequences of FPF, on operation and staff, handling failures with kitchen staff, front of the house (FOH), and management. The findings revealed that the major ramification of FPF is financial through food loss. Representing both internal and external failure costs, FPF costs were classified into four tangible types: bin cost, rework cost, lost sales cost, and recovery cost. However, the serious intangible cost of staff demoralization was also identified. Handling failure is a complex task involving different parties and the management of various emotions (anger, frustration, etc.). Furthermore, the phenomena of failure ownership, secrecy, and historic marginalization of chefs, coupled with doubts over management competency, can all obstruct learning from mistakes, the much-cherished by product of FPF, thereby negating the notion of the “learning organization.” Moreover, error management training (EMT) seems to be a potential approach to combat FPF

Quantifying the 2.5D imaging performance of digital holographic systems

Digital holographic systems are a class of two step, opto-numerical, three-dimensional imaging techniques. The role of the digital camera in limiting the resolution and field of view of the reconstructed image, and the interaction of these limits with a general optical system is poorly understood. The linear canonical transform describes any optical system consisting of lenses and/or free space in a unified manner. Expressions derived using it are parametrised in terms of the parameters of the optical system, as well as those of the digital camera: aperture size, pixel size and pixel pitch. We develop rules of thumb for selecting an optical system to minimise mean squared error for given input and digital camera parameters. In the limit, our results constitute a point spread function analysis. The results presented in this paper will allow digital holography practitioners to select an optical system to maximise the quality of their reconstructed image using a priori knowledge of the camera and object

Effects of different needles and substrates on CuInS2 deposited by electrostatic spray deposition

Copper indium disulphide (CuInS2) thin films were deposited using the electrostatic spray deposition method. The effects of applied voltage and solution flow rate on the aerosol cone shape, film composition, surface morphology and current conversion were investigated. The effect of aluminium substrates and transparent fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) coated glass substrates on the properties of as-deposited CuInS2 films were analysed. An oxidation process occurs during the deposition onto the metallic substrates which forms an insulating layer between the photoactive film and substrate. The effects of two different spray needles on the properties of the as-deposited films were also studied. The results reveal that the use of a stainless steel needle results in contamination of the film due to the transfer of metal impurities through the spray whilst this is not seen for the glass needle. The films were characterised using a number of different analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford back-scattering and secondary ion mass spectroscopy and opto-electronic measurements

Directed polymers in high dimensions

We study directed polymers subject to a quenched random potential in d transversal dimensions. This system is closely related to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation of nonlinear stochastic growth. By a careful analysis of the perturbation theory we show that physical quantities develop singular behavior for d to 4. For example, the universal finite size amplitude of the free energy at the roughening transition is proportional to (4-d)^(1/2). This shows that the dimension d=4 plays a special role for this system and points towards d=4 as the upper critical dimension of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang problem.Comment: 37 pages REVTEX including 4 PostScript figure

Anomalous roughening of wood fractured surfaces

Scaling properties of wood fractured surfaces are obtained from samples of three different sizes. Two different woods are studied: Norway spruce and Maritime pine. Fracture surfaces are shown to display an anomalous dynamic scaling of the crack roughness. This anomalous scaling behavior involves the existence of two different and independent roughness exponents. We determine the local roughness exponents ${\zeta}_{loc}$ to be 0.87 for spruce and 0.88 for pine. These results are consistent with the conjecture of a universal local roughness exponent. The global roughness exponent is different for both woods, $\zeta$ = 1.60 for spruce and $\zeta$ = 1.35 for pine. We argue that the global roughness exponent $\zeta$ is a good index for material characterization.Comment: 7 two columns pages plus 8 ps figures, uses psfig. To appear in Physical Review

Slow relaxation due to optimization and restructuring: Solution on a hierarchical lattice

Motivated by the large strain shear of loose granular materials we introduced a model which consists of consecutive optimization and restructuring steps leading to a self organization of a density field. The extensive connections to other models of statistical phyics are discussed. We investigate our model on a hierarchical lattice which allows an exact asymptotic renormalization treatment. A surprisingly close analogy is observed between the simulation results on the regular and the hierarchical lattices. The dynamics is characterized by the breakdown of ergodicity, by unusual system size effects in the development of the average density as well as by the age distribution, the latter showing multifractal properties.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures revtex, submitted to PRE see also: cond-mat/020920

Narrow genetic base in forest restoration with holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in Sicily

In order to empirically assess the effect of actual seed sampling strategy on genetic diversity of holm oak (Quercus ilex) forestations in Sicily, we have analysed the genetic composition of two seedling lots (nursery stock and plantation) and their known natural seed origin stand by means of six nuclear microsatellite loci. Significant reduction in genetic diversity and significant difference in genetic composition of the seedling lots compared to the seed origin stand were detected. The female and the total effective number of parents were quantified by means of maternity assignment of seedlings and temporal changes in allele frequencies. Extremely low effective maternity numbers were estimated (Nfe $\approx$ 2-4) and estimates accounting for both seed and pollen donors gave also low values (Ne $\approx$ 35-50). These values can be explained by an inappropriate forestry seed harvest strategy limited to a small number of spatially close trees