Focused Ion Beam Microfabrication

Contains an introduction, reports on x research projects and a list of publications.Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/U.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAL-03-92-G-0217National Science Foundation Grant ECS 89-21728Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/U.S. Army Research Office (ASSERT Program) Grant DAAL03-92-G-0305Semiconductor Research CorporationNational Science Foundation Grant DMR 92-02633U.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAL03-90-G-0223U.S. Navy - Naval Research Laboratory/Micrion Contract M0877

Los lenguajes controlados y la documentación técnica : mejorando la traducibilidad

Los lenguajes controlados pueden suponer una estrategia efectiva para mejorar los procesos de traducción, modificando el texto origen para que se adapte a una serie de reglas que mejoran su traducibilidad. El artículo analiza el concepto de lenguaje controlado y revisa las diferentes áreas de control y su tipología, para después realizar un breve repaso al origen y evolución de estos si stemas lingüísticos. A continuación explora qué papel representan los lenguajes controlados en el proceso de redacción y traducción de documentación técnica. Por último, se centra en la relación entre lenguajes controlados y traducción y, más en concreto, la traducción automática, haciendo especial hincapié en las reglas más efectivas para la mejora de la traducibilidad.Els llenguatges controlats poden suposar una estratègia efectiva per a millorar els processos de traducció, modificant el text origen perquè s'adapte a una sèrie de regles que milloren la seua traduïbilitat. L'article analitza el concepte de llenguatge controlat i revisa les diferents àrees de control i la seua tipologia, per a després realitzar un breu repàs a l'origen i evolució d'estos sistemes lingüístics. A continuació explora quin paper representen els llenguatges controlats en el procés de redacció i traducció de documentació tècnica. Finalment, es centra en la relació entre llenguatges controlats i traducció i, més concretament, traducció autom àtica, fent especial insistència en les regles més efectives per a la millora de la traduïbilitat.Controlled languages can be an effective strategy to improve translation processes, pre-editing the source text to conform to a set of rules to improve its translatability. This article analyses the concept of controlled language and reviews the different control areas and their typology. Further, it reviews the origin and evolution of these linguistic systems and explores the role controlled languages play in the process of writing and translating technical documentation. Finally, it focuses on the relationship between controlled language and translation and, more specifically, machine translation, with particular emphasis on the rules aimed at improving translatability

Evaluation for what purpose? Findings from two stakeholder groups

A host of reasons exist for the pursuit of evidence in the public sector, including to support good governance and policy development. As the expectations for program evaluation from policymakers have evolved, so too has evaluation practice and a great deal of experimentalism has ensued. There is a risk that these developments and the complexity inherent in them, may lead to conflicting expectations about why program evaluation is done, or even a loss of purpose. This prompts the meso-level analysis of two types of stakeholders in a governance network, explored in this chapter. This chapter presents the findings of an ongoing study which explores the perceptions of program evaluators and policy implementers towards the purpose of evidence. The findings suggest that program evaluators and policy implementers have divergent expectations of why and how evaluation data might be used. The findings suggest that program evaluators aspire to support change and enhance the policy domains they serve, whereas policy implementers perceive program evaluation as serving a more governance-/management-orientated role. The chapter demonstrates the complexity of both program evaluation and policy and may have implications for the twin pillars of governance and responsibility at the heart of the book. If governance and responsibility are the twin pillars of sustainability then the complex networks of relationships, expectations, values, and outcomes may need to be considered. The findings also have implications for evaluation commissioners and practitioners, demonstrating the need for the purpose and expectations of program evaluation to be agreed early. The use of program evaluation as a symbolic, aesthetic or structural mechanism also emerges, prompting opportunity for further research, for instance, to explore legitimacy and program evaluation.N/

Comparative approaches for assessing access to alcohol outlets: exploring the utility of a gravity potential approach

BACKGROUND: A growing body of research recommends controlling alcohol availability to reduce harm. Various common approaches, however, provide dramatically different pictures of the physical availability of alcohol. This limits our understanding of the distribution of alcohol access, the causes and consequences of this distribution, and how best to reduce harm. The aim of this study is to introduce both a gravity potential measure of access to alcohol outlets, comparing its strengths and weaknesses to other popular approaches, and an empirically-derived taxonomy of neighborhoods based on the type of alcohol access they exhibit. METHODS: We obtained geospatial data on Seattle, including the location of 2402 alcohol outlets, United States Census Bureau estimates on 567 block groups, and a comprehensive street network. We used exploratory spatial data analysis and employed a measure of inter-rater agreement to capture differences in our taxonomy of alcohol availability measures. RESULTS: Significant statistical and spatial variability exists between measures of alcohol access, and these differences have meaningful practical implications. In particular, standard measures of outlet density (e.g., spatial, per capita, roadway miles) can lead to biased estimates of physical availability that over-emphasize the influence of the control variables. Employing a gravity potential approach provides a more balanced, geographically-sensitive measure of access to alcohol outlets. CONCLUSIONS: Accurately measuring the physical availability of alcohol is critical for understanding the causes and consequences of its distribution and for developing effective evidence-based policy to manage the alcohol outlet licensing process. A gravity potential model provides a superior measure of alcohol access, and the alcohol access-based taxonomy a helpful evidence-based heuristic for scholars and local policymakers

31st Annual Meeting and Associated Programs of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC 2016) : part two

Background The immunological escape of tumors represents one of the main ob- stacles to the treatment of malignancies. The blockade of PD-1 or CTLA-4 receptors represented a milestone in the history of immunotherapy. However, immune checkpoint inhibitors seem to be effective in specific cohorts of patients. It has been proposed that their efficacy relies on the presence of an immunological response. Thus, we hypothesized that disruption of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis would synergize with our oncolytic vaccine platform PeptiCRAd. Methods We used murine B16OVA in vivo tumor models and flow cytometry analysis to investigate the immunological background. Results First, we found that high-burden B16OVA tumors were refractory to combination immunotherapy. However, with a more aggressive schedule, tumors with a lower burden were more susceptible to the combination of PeptiCRAd and PD-L1 blockade. The therapy signifi- cantly increased the median survival of mice (Fig. 7). Interestingly, the reduced growth of contralaterally injected B16F10 cells sug- gested the presence of a long lasting immunological memory also against non-targeted antigens. Concerning the functional state of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we found that all the immune therapies would enhance the percentage of activated (PD-1pos TIM- 3neg) T lymphocytes and reduce the amount of exhausted (PD-1pos TIM-3pos) cells compared to placebo. As expected, we found that PeptiCRAd monotherapy could increase the number of antigen spe- cific CD8+ T cells compared to other treatments. However, only the combination with PD-L1 blockade could significantly increase the ra- tio between activated and exhausted pentamer positive cells (p= 0.0058), suggesting that by disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis we could decrease the amount of dysfunctional antigen specific T cells. We ob- served that the anatomical location deeply influenced the state of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In fact, TIM-3 expression was in- creased by 2 fold on TILs compared to splenic and lymphoid T cells. In the CD8+ compartment, the expression of PD-1 on the surface seemed to be restricted to the tumor micro-environment, while CD4 + T cells had a high expression of PD-1 also in lymphoid organs. Interestingly, we found that the levels of PD-1 were significantly higher on CD8+ T cells than on CD4+ T cells into the tumor micro- environment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions In conclusion, we demonstrated that the efficacy of immune check- point inhibitors might be strongly enhanced by their combination with cancer vaccines. PeptiCRAd was able to increase the number of antigen-specific T cells and PD-L1 blockade prevented their exhaus- tion, resulting in long-lasting immunological memory and increased median survival

"Industrial Development and Capital Grants Policy: European Example"

[From the Introduction]. Uneven development of regions within a national state has, as one of its dimensions, an imbalance in the distribution of employment opportunities. Countries such as Italy, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Belgium, among others, provide examples of this phenomenon. In each of these countries there exists a locational problem - some region (or set of regions) experiences difficulty in attracting new industry and the employment opportunities associated with new industry activity. Recognizing this locational problem, a variety of national governments (including the four cited above) have attempted to modify the relative attractiveness of regions to firms by offering inducements to firms to locate in relatively disadvantaged regions. Typically, the inducement takes the form of a locational cost reduction mechanism. In Smith's (1966) terminology, the national government seeks to expand the spatial margins to profitability so as to include disadvantaged regions. Examples of such inducements are direct capital grants (utilized in Ireland), interest rate subsidies (utilized in Belgium), and employment premiums (utilized in the United Kingdom)

Ultrathin slices of ferroelectric domain-patterned lithium niobate by crystal ion slicing

We report the successful fabrication of 6 μm thick slices from a ferroelectric domain microengineered LiNbO3 wafer device using the crystal ion slicing technique. The device was created by micropatterning ferroelectric domains in a bulk 0.3 mm thick wafer of z-cut LiNbO3, followed by ion-implanting with 3.8 MeV He+ ions to a fluence 5 × 10+16 ions/cm2 to create a damage layer at a well defined depth from the surface. Etching away this damaged layer in dilute hydrofluoric acid results in a liftoff of the top slice in which the ferroelectric domain patterns are left intact. The influence of annealing conditions on liftoff time and depth of etch lines was studied. Helium-Neon laser light was successfully coupled into the device. Due to unintentional breakage of the polished input and output faces, the electro-optic scanning performance has not been characterized so far. © 2001 Materials Research Society