A COMPARISON OF THE HAPPINESS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE KINGDOM OF BHUTAN AND IN JAPAN

Bhutan garnered attention by setting ‘Gross National Happiness’ (GNH) as a national policy to support the foundation of the country. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether primary school students in Bhutan are happy and to identify the characteristics of this happiness. The studies compared the happiness of primary school students in Bhutan and Japan. Participants in the investigation were from primary schools and in the 4th to 6th grades. The participants in the study were 48 students of a private primary school in Bhutan, 47 students of a private elementary school in Japan and 50 students of a public elementary school in Japan. The variance analysis was conducted to compare the degree of happiness by school. As a result, the effect between schools was significant (F (2,142) = 3.99, p < .05). According to multiple comparisons using Tukey b, ‘Bhutan’ was significantly higher than ‘Japan/Public’ (p < .05) in terms of happiness. The tendency of ‘when they are happy?’ shows that the students in Bhutan reported feeling happy in their relationships with people in their daily lives. Likewise, the tendency of ‘what do you want now?’ shows that students in Bhutan want to obtain things in the future, not the present. It was suggested that primary school students in Bhutan were relatively satisfied with what they have presently, and their future dreams and hopes may enhance the present subjective happiness

A NOTE ON INTERNATIONAL OLIGOPOLY WITH FREE ENTRY

The purpose of this note is a reconsideration of the relationship between the equilibrium number of firms and cost differences under an international oligopoly setting. We show that both cost differences across countries and the degree of product differentiation have strong implications in the free entry case

Reactions of (Arylimido)vanadium(V)–Trialkyl Complexes with Phenols: Effects of Arylimido Ligands and Phenols for Formation of the Vanadium Phenoxides

Reactions of a series of (arylimido)vanadium(V) trialkyl complexes, V(NAr′)(CH_2SiMe_3)_3 (Ar′ = C_6H_5, 2-MeC_6H_4, 2,6-Me_2C_6H_3, 2,6-Cl_2C_6H_3), with various phenols (ArOH, Ar = 2,6-F_2C_6H_3, 2,6-Cl_2C_6H_3, 2,6-Me_2C_6H_3, 2,6-^iPr_2C_6H_3, 2-^tBuC_6H_4, 2,6-^tBu_2C_6H_3; 1.0 equiv) affording V(NAr′)(CH_2SiMe_3)_2(OAr) were conducted in C_6D_6 at 25 °C, and the effects of both arylimido ligands and phenols on the substitution rate were explored. Sterically hindered arylimido ligands showed lower reactivity, and the reaction proceeded in the order: Ar′ = 2,6-Me_2C_6H_3 < 2,6-Cl_2C_6H_3 < 2-MeC_6H_4< C_6H_5. This order is somewhat different from that obtained from the chemical shifts in V(NAr′)(CH_2SiMe_3)_3 in the ^(51)V NMR spectra. The conversions with various disubstituted phenols increased in the order: 2,6-^iPr_2C_6H_3OH < 2,6-Me_2C_6H_3OH < 2,6-Cl_2C_6H_3OH < 2,6-F_2C_6H_3OH, irrespective of the kind of arylimido ligands. The reactions of V(NAr′)(CH_2SiMe_3)_3 with 2,6-^tBu_2C_6H_3OH (1.0 or 3.0 equiv) did not take place even upon heating at 60 °C. These results suggest that the reactions proceed via coordination of ArOH toward vanadium, and the reactivity is highly dependent on steric bulk of both the arylimido ligand and the phenol

Interactions between Grapefruit Juice and Calcium Channel Antagonists

The extent of interaction between calcium channel antagonists and grapefruit juice varies widely among drugs. Coadministration of calcium channel antagonists with grapefruit juice can elevate the bioavailability of drugs and alter pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. A calcium channel antagonist with lower bioavailability is likely to be more affect-ed by grapefruit juice. The area under the concentration-time curve and peak serum con-centrations of azelnidipine, efonidipine, felodipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine and verapamil are influenced by grapefruit juice. Conversely, pharmacokinetic parameters of amlodipine and diltiazem are not affected by grapefruit juice. The action of grapefruit juice is rapid, and a single exposure to one glass of juice can usually produce a significant interaction. Furanocoumarins primarily contribute to grapefruit juice-drug interactions in humans. Cytochrome P4503A4 and P-glycoprotein may act in tandem as a barrier to oral delivery of drugs. The main mechanism for en-hanced bioavailability of drugs by grapefruit juice is, presumably, the inhibition of cyto-chrome P4503A4 in the small intestine and only to a minor extent affected by P-glycopro-tein function. There are dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of grapefruit juice on cytochrome P4503A4. Since biosynthesis of new cytochrome P4503A4 is necessary, the duration of the interaction is consistent with the pharmacological mechanism of interac-tion; inhibition of enzyme activities by grapefruit juice persists for approximately 3 days

パワー アシスト ソウチ ノ セイギョホウ ニ カンスル ケンキュウ

本研究では，前節で述べた現状認識に基づき，有限な発生トルクのアクチュエータで構成されるパワーアシスト装置の制御系に検する問題を検討する。まず，アクチュエータのトルク飽和によるアシスト効果の変動が，パワーアシスト装置の操作性に及ぼす影響を考察すると共に，トルク飽和を回避するパワーアシストの一構成法として，重力負荷と動的負荷を個々の比率でアシストするシステムを提案する。 ･･･筑波大学博士 (工学) 学位論文・平成8年3月25日授与 (甲第1539号)標題紙、目次 -- 第１章　緒論 -- 第２章　パワーアシスト法の提案 -- 第３章　多自由度システムへの適用 -- 第４章　操作者負担率の決定指針 -- 第５章　重力負荷と動的負荷の分離法 -- 第６章　結論 -- 謝辞 -- 参考文献 -- 関連業績一