281 research outputs found

    Fade depth scaling with channel bandwidth

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    The dependence of small-scale fading on bandwidth is quantified experimentally in the 3.1–10.6 GHz band for indoor channels. The fade depth converges to 4 dB at 1 GHz bandwidth, with little reduction for further increase in bandwidth. A simple yet accurate empirical fade depth model is developed, enabling convenient evaluation of the link budget for a channel with given bandwidth

    Primary Outage-Based Resource Allocation Strategies

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    Cognition & cognitive psycholog

    Chapter Primary Outage-Based Resource Allocation Strategies

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    Cognition & cognitive psycholog

    Channel division multiple access: The access solution for UWB networks

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    International audience—In this paper we study a promising multiple access scheme entitled Channel Division Multiple Access (ChDMA). ChDMA was developed to cope with the particularities of low duty cycle Impulsive Radio Ultra Wideband systems (IR-UWB). The idea is based upon the fact that Channel Impulse Responses (CIR) could be exploited as users signatures. Based on the knowledge of the CIRs at the receiver, transmitted signals can be detected and estimated in a very similar approach as performed by DS-CDMA systems. We present in this contribution initial analysis of the spectral efficiency performance of ChDMA systems. As a matter of fact, ChDMA overcomes the multiple access paradigm of impulsive-radio signaling and provides an efficient and low complex technique to exploit the diversity of UWB communications. For the study, we consider three different receiver structures: optimal receiver, matched filter (MF) and linear minimum mean square error receiver (l-MMSE). As a result, it is shown that under certain conditions ChDMA can even outperform CDMA in terms of Shannon's capacity, providing a real option for future communication systems

    Einfluss extrazellulÀrer Proteinkonzentration auf die ReaktivitÀt afferenter Arteriolen der Niere

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    Die Niere nimmt eine zentrale Stellung bei Regulation des Osmo- und Volumenhaushaltes des Organismus ein. Dehnungsrezeptoren im Niederdrucksystem als auch zentral und peripher gelegene Osmorezeptoren sind an der Regulation durch Beeinflussung der VasopressinausschĂŒttung beteiligt. Vasopressin fördert den Einbau von WasserkanĂ€len im Sammelrohr, damit die Wasserresorption, und hemmt die Diurese. Aber auch Änderungen der Filtrationsrate können fĂŒr die FlĂŒssigkeitsausscheidung eine Rolle spielen. Die Filtrationsrate wird durch den effektiven Filtrationsdruck und unter physiologischen UmstĂ€nden damit durch den Widerstand afferenter und efferenter Arteriolen bestimmt. Es wurde in Tierexperimenten gezeigt, dass die interstitielle Proteinkonzentration in der Niere vom Hydratationszustand des Körpers abhĂ€ngt. In der folgenden Arbeit wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass die interstitielle Proteinkonzentration den Tonus und die ReaktivitĂ€t afferenter Arteriolen moduliert und damit via Änderung der glomerulĂ€ren Filtrationsrate zur Volumenregulation beitragen könnte. Zur Testung der Hypothese wurden Experimente an MĂ€use- (C57Bl6) und RattengefĂ€ĂŸen (Sprague Dawley) durchgefĂŒhrt. Der Proteingehalt (Albumin) der Badlösung wurde variiert (proteinfrei, 0,1% oder 4% Albumin). Afferente Arteriolen der Maus wurden isoliert, perfundiert, videomikroskopisch dargestellt und Änderungen des GefĂ€ĂŸdurchmessers auf Angiotensin II bewertet. Mannitol wurde als Kontrolle fĂŒr osmolare Effekte von Protein eingesetzt. Fluoreszenzuntersuchungen mit DAF-FM ermöglichten die Bewertung der StickstoffmonoxidverfĂŒgbarkeit in den Arteriolen. Die Antwort großer Nierenarterien der Maus und Ratte auf Vasokonstriktoren wurde im Drahtmyographen, isometrisch, bei verschiedenen Proteinkonzentrationen im Bad gemessen, um die SpezifitĂ€t einer möglichen Proteinwirkung beurteilen zu können. Die Expression endothelialer, induzierbarer und neuronaler Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase wurde auf mRNA-Ebene in den GefĂ€ĂŸen bestimmt. Wir sahen eine grĂ¶ĂŸere ReaktivitĂ€t afferenter Arteriolen bei 4% Albumin in der Badlösung im Vergleich mit 0,1%. Dieser Effekt konnte durch Mannitol in der Badlösung, welches einen gleichen osmotischen Druck wie bei 4% Albumin entwickelte, simuliert werden. Die BioverfĂŒgbarkeit von Stickstoffmonoxid war bei 4% Albumin im Bad deutlich vermindert. In großen Nierenarterien der Maus waren keine signifikanten Differenzen in den Antworten auf Angiotensin II und Azetylcholin im Vergleich von 0,1% und 4% Albumin zu sehen. Noradrenalinantworten unterschieden sich in großen Nierenarterien der Ratte ebenfalls im Vergleich von 4% Proteinanteil und proteinfreier Lösung nicht. Die induzierbare Stickstoffmonoxidsynthase-mRNA war deutlich geringer bei 4% Albuminkonzentration exprimiert. Die Studie zeigt, dass eine erhöhte Proteinkonzentration die GefĂ€ĂŸreaktivitĂ€t afferenter Arteriolen, aber nicht die von großen NierengefĂ€ĂŸen verstĂ€rkt. Die erhöhte OsmolalitĂ€t und eine verminderte VerfĂŒgbarkeit von Stickstoffmonoxid vermitteln die Wirkung einer erhöhten Proteinkonzentration. Die Befunde unterstĂŒtzen die Hypothese eines intrarenalen Mechanismus der Volumenregulation.The kidney is an important part in the control of volume and osmolality in the body. Stretch receptors in the low-pressure system as well as central and peripheral osmoceptors contribute to the control by modulating the vasopressin release in the hypothalamus/pituitary gland. In addition, changes in the glomerular filtration rate may influence the diuresis. The effective filtration pressure is regulated via changes of the resistance of afferent and efferent arterioles. Studies showed that the extracellular protein concentration in the kidney increases with dehydration of the body. We hypothesize that the interstitial protein concentration influences the tone and reactivity of afferent arterioles in the kidney and this may contribute to volume control. To test the hypothesis, renal vessels of mice (C57Bl6) and rats (Sprague Dawley) were included. The protein concentration (albumin) of the bath solution was varied (protein free, 0.1% or 4% albumin). Mouse afferent arterioles were isolated and perfused. Angiotensin II was applied and the diameter was obtained by using video microscopy. To test for the effect of increased osmolality due to increased protein concentration, mannitol was applied. The fluorescent dye DAF-FM served for estimation of the nitric oxide bioavailability. The function of big renal arteries in presence of different protein concentrations in the bath solution was investigated by using wire myography. The mRNA expression of endothelial, inducible, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in renal vessels was measured by using the qPCR. We found an increased reactivity of afferent arterioles to angiotensin II in presence of 4% protein in the bath. This effect could be mimicked by using mannitol instead of protein. The nitric oxide bioavailability was decreased at 4% protein compared to 0.1%. In the big renal arteries, angiotensin II and acetylcholine responses were similar comparing 4% and 0.1% protein concentrations. The response to norepinephrine was similar when using 4% albumin or protein free solution in big renal arteries of rats. Die inducible nitric oxide synthase was less expressed in big arteries exposed to 4% albumin compared to 0.1%. Nitric oxide synthases expression did not differ in arterioles. The study shows that increased protein concentration in the extracellular fluid leads to enhanced angiotensin II reactivity of afferent arterioles, but not big renal arteries. The protein effect may be due to the elevation in the osmolality of the solution and to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. The finding supports the hypothesis of an intrarenal mechanism of volume control

    Channel Division Multiple Access

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    Ultra-WideBand (UWB) has been recently presented as a promising radio technology due to the large bandwidth available. This feature enables point to point high data rates at short range as well as high temporal resolution with long channel impulse reponses (CIR). In this paper, we present an original multiple access scheme called Channel Division Multiple Access (ChDMA), where we use the CIR as a user signature. The signature code is given by the channel and the users are separated by their position: this signature is uniquely determined by the user's position, which changes from one position to another. This signature location-dependent property provides decentralized flexible multiple access as the codes are naturally generated by the radio channel. The results derived can be straightforwardly applied to UWB ad-hoc networks. To analyze the multiple access scheme performance, we evaluate the channel capacity in a wideband power limited regime by the tradeoff of the spectral efficiency (b/s/hz) versus the ratio between the number of users and the system resolution. The framework is analyzed and validated by capacity assessments using UWB measurements performed at Eurecom and compared with classical CDMA schemes with random spreading. The following receivers are considered: optimal joint processing, single-user matched filter and MMSE receiver...
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