1,026 research outputs found
Who's Getting Cited: Representation of Women and Non-White Scholars in Major American Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals Between 1986-2005
This article presents findings from an ongoing study of the integration of women and non-white scholarship into the discipline of criminology and criminal justice. The most-cited women and non-white scholars in six major American journals were determined for 1986â2005 to investigate (1) if the dissemination of published research findings in criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) is affected by gender and race/ethnicity and (2) if changes in scholarly influence of women and non-white scholars in CCJ over 20 years exists. A number of explanations are suggested to account for gender and racial differentials in citation rates
Discovery of distant high luminosity infrared galaxies
We have developed a method for selecting the most luminous galaxies detected
by IRAS based on their extreme values of R, the ratio of 60 micron and B-band
luminosity. These objects have optical counterparts that are close to or below
the limits of Schmidt surveys. We have tested our method on a 1079 deg^2 region
of sky, where we have selected a sample of IRAS sources with 60 micron flux
densities greater than 0.2 Jy, corresponding to a redshift limit z~1 for
objects with far-IR luminosities of 10^{13} L_sun. Optical identifications for
these were obtained from the UK Schmidt Telescope plates, using the likelihood
ratio method. Optical spectroscopy has been carried out to reliably identify
and measure the redshifts of six objects with very faint optical counterparts,
which are the only objects with R>100 in the sample. One object is a
hyperluminous infrared galaxy (HyLIG) at z=0.834. Of the remaining, fainter
objects, five are ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIGs) with a mean redshift
of 0.45, higher than the highest known redshift of any non-hyperluminous ULIG
prior to this study. High excitation lines reveal the presence of an active
nucleus in the HyLIG, just as in the other known infrared-selected HyLIGs. In
contrast, no high excitation lines are found in the non-hyperluminous ULIGs. We
discuss the implications of our results for the number density of HyLIGs at z<1
and for the evolution of the infrared galaxy population out to this redshift,
and show that substantial evolution is indicated. Our selection method is
robust against the presence of gravitational lensing if the optical and
infrared magnification factors are similar, and we suggest a way of using it to
select candidate gravitationally lensed infrared galaxies.Comment: 6 pages, accepted for publication in A&
Ultrafast 2D-IR spectroscopy of intensely optically scattering pelleted solid catalysts
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship grant (Grant No. MR/S015574/1), STFC-UKRI program access to CLF-ULTRA (Grant No. LSF1828), direct access to CLF-ULTRA (Grant Nos. Apps 17330043 and 19130012), and a group residency in the Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH). The authors are grateful to Kathryn Welsby, Ivalina Minova, and Santhosh Matam for support early in the project with samples and the Linkam cell. Mr. John Still of the School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen is thanked for the SEM images, and Kieran Farrell/Martin Zanni is thanked for the discussion about the polarizations of the beams creating the thermal transientsPeer reviewedPublisher PD
Mapping the Galactic Halo I. The `Spaghetti' Survey
We describe a major survey of the Milky Way halo designed to test for
kinematic substructure caused by destruction of accreted satellites. We use the
Washington photometric system to identify halo stars efficiently for
spectroscopic followup. Tracers include halo giants (detectable out to more
than 100 kpc), blue horizontal branch stars, halo stars near the main sequence
turnoff, and the ``blue metal-poor stars'' of Preston et al (1994). We
demonstrate the success of our survey by showing spectra of stars we have
identified in all these categories, including giants as distant as 75 kpc. We
discuss the problem of identifying the most distant halo giants. In particular,
extremely metal-poor halo K dwarfs are present in approximately equal numbers
to the distant giants for V fainter than 18, and we show that our method will
distinguish reliably between these two groups of metal-poor stars. We plan to
survey 100 square degrees at high galactic latitude, and expect to increase the
numbers of known halo giants, BHB stars and turnoff stars by more than an order
of magnitude. In addition to the strong test that this large sample will
provide for the question `was the Milky Way halo accreted from satellite
galaxies?', we will improve the accuracy of mass measurements of the Milky Way
beyond 50 kpc via the kinematics of the many distant giants and BHB stars we
will find. We show that one of our first datasets constrains the halo density
law over galactocentric radii of 5-20 kpc and z heights of 2-15 kpc. The data
support a flattened power-law halo with b/a of 0.6 and exponent -3.0. More
complex models with a varying axial ratio may be needed with a larger dataset.Comment: 55 pages, 22 figures, to appear in the Astronomical Journa
The anti-apoptotic activity of XIAP is retained upon mutation of both the caspase 3â and caspase 9âinteracting sites
The X-linked mammalian inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) has been shown to bind several partners. These partners include caspase 3, caspase 9, DIABLO/Smac, HtrA2/Omi, TAB1, the bone morphogenetic protein receptor, and a presumptive E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. In addition, we show here that XIAP can bind to itself. To determine which of these interactions are required for it to inhibit apoptosis, we generated point mutant XIAP proteins and correlated their ability to bind other proteins with their ability to inhibit apoptosis. âRING point mutants of XIAP were as competent as their full-length counterparts in inhibiting apoptosis, although impaired in their ability to oligomerize with full-length XIAP. Triple point mutants, unable to bind caspase 9, caspase 3, and DIABLO/HtrA2/Omi, were completely ineffectual in inhibiting apoptosis. However, point mutants that had lost the ability to inhibit caspase 9 and caspase 3 but retained the ability to inhibit DIABLO were still able to inhibit apoptosis, demonstrating that IAP antagonism is required for apoptosis to proceed following UV irradiation
Counting the Acid Sites in a Commercial ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst
This work was funded by Johnson Matthey plc. through the provision of industrial CASE studentships in partnership with the EPSRC (AZ (EP/N509176/1), APH (EP/P510506/1)). Experiments at the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source were made possible by beam time allocations from the Science and Technologies Facilities Council.45,46 Resources and support were provided by the UK Catalysis Hub via membership of the UK Catalysis Hub consortium and funded by EPSRC grants EP/R026815/1 and EP/R026939/1Peer reviewedPublisher PD
LoCuSS: A Comparison of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect and Gravitational Lensing Measurements of Galaxy Clusters
We present the first measurement of the relationship between the
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signal and the mass of galaxy clusters that uses
gravitational lensing to measure cluster mass, based on 14 X-ray luminous
clusters at z~0.2 from the Local Cluster Substructure Survey. We measure the
integrated Compton y-parameter, Y, and total projected mass of the clusters
(M_GL) within a projected clustercentric radius of 350 kpc, corresponding to
mean overdensities of 4000-8000 relative to the critical density. We find
self-similar scaling between M_GL and Y, with a scatter in mass at fixed Y of
32%. This scatter exceeds that predicted from numerical cluster simulations,
however, it is smaller than comparable measurements of the scatter in mass at
fixed T_X. We also find no evidence of segregation in Y between disturbed and
undisturbed clusters, as had been seen with T_X on the same physical scales. We
compare our scaling relation to the Bonamente et al. relation based on mass
measurements that assume hydrostatic equilibrium, finding no evidence for a
hydrostatic mass bias in cluster cores (M_GL = 0.98+/-0.13 M_HSE), consistent
with both predictions from numerical simulations and lensing/X-ray-based
measurements of mass-observable scaling relations at larger radii. Overall our
results suggest that the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect may be less sensitive than
X-ray observations to the details of cluster physics in cluster cores.Comment: Minor changes to match published version: 2009 ApJL 701:114-11
Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful, chronic
disorder and there is currently an unmet need for effective
therapies that will benefit a wide range of patients. The
research and development process for therapies and treatments
currently involves in vivo studies, which have the
potential to cause discomfort, pain or distress. This Working
Group report focuses on identifying causes of sufferingwithin
commonly used mouse and rat âmodelsâ of RA, describing
practical refinements to help reduce suffering and improve
welfare without compromising the scientific objectives. The
report also discusses other, relevant topics including identifying
and minimising sources of variation within in vivo RA
studies, the potential to provide pain relief including analgesia,
welfare assessment, humane endpoints, reporting
standards and the potential to replace animals in RA research
Glycan complexity dictates microbial resource allocation in the large intestine.
The structure of the human gut microbiota is controlled primarily through the degradation of complex dietary carbohydrates, but the extent to which carbohydrate breakdown products are shared between members of the microbiota is unclear. We show here, using xylan as a model, that sharing the breakdown products of complex carbohydrates by key members of the microbiota, such as Bacteroides ovatus, is dependent on the complexity of the target glycan. Characterization of the extensive xylan degrading apparatus expressed by B. ovatus reveals that the breakdown of the polysaccharide by the human gut microbiota is significantly more complex than previous models suggested, which were based on the deconstruction of xylans containing limited monosaccharide side chains. Our report presents a highly complex and dynamic xylan degrading apparatus that is fine-tuned to recognize the different forms of the polysaccharide presented to the human gut microbiota.This work was supported in part by grants to D.N.B. (BBSRC BB/G016186/1) and H.J.G. (Wellcome Trust WT097907AIA).This is the final version. It was first published by NPG at http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms848
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