Changes in gray forest soil organic matter pools under anthropogenic load in agrocenoses

Received: August 6th, 2023 ; Accepted: September 30th, 2023 ; Published: October 24th, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] relevance of research is determined by a complex of factors that shape the change in the humus system of gray forest soil dynamics (content, total reserves, values variability of labile and stable humus pools, humification processes direction) under the influence of mineral fertilizers and chemical reclamation in the long-term ecotope conditions. The purpose of the research was to assess the impact of systematic anthropogenic loading on changes in soil organic matter pools. Research methods included long-term stationary studies, laboratory determination of organic matter content and humus group composition, and statistical data analysis. It has been proven that liming practically did not contribute to the increase of the total humus content, however, due to the coagulating effect, certain changes in labile and more stable forms of humus substances occurred in its qualitative composition. It has been established that the cultivation of crops сultivation in crop rotation with a purely mineral fertilizer system did not lead to a significant organic matter accumulation in the soil, despite the increase in crop yield levels under appropriate conditions and the accumulation of a larger vegetative mass of root and post-harvest residues entering the soil, but its losses were significantly reduced. The use of organic components (green manure, by-products) in combination with moderate rates of mineral fertilizers on a liming background (humus content 1.63%), provided a clear tendency to expand humus reproduction by 0.16%, compared to the initial level, and by 15% and 12% more than in the version with no fertilizers and just mineral system. Under such a fertilizing system, there is a tendency to increase more stable humic acids. The increase in humification of organic matter was achieved through the application of fertilizers in limed backgrounds. In this case, the humus formation type exhibited characteristics of humate-fulvate, with a value of 0.9, which is characteristic of soils of forest origin in the northern Forest-Steppe region with the presence of soil-forming factors specific to that territory. The article materials are of practical value for agricultural producers in the development of an innovative strategy for preserving the environment safety, and soil fertility under the influence of elements of energy-saving technologies for crops

Efficiency of technology elements for growing winter wheat on typical chernozem

Received: March 15th, 2023 ; Accepted: July 17th, 2023 ; Published: September 1st, 2023 ; Correspondence: [email protected] use of traditional tillage technologies in short-rotational crop rotations increases the cost of agricultural production and has a negative impact on the environment. The research was aimed at establishing and improving the ways winter wheat yield increase in short-rotational crop rotations depending on the efficiency of the main tillage system and fertilizing on typical chernozems s in conditions of unstable moisture in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The research was conducted at the Department of Agrochemistry National Scientific Centre Institute of Agriculture of National Academy of Agricultural Scienses at the Panfil Research Station of the National Scientific Center Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences in a stationary technological experiment, on typical low-humus chernozem in 2 short rotation crop rotations with the following crops rotation: crop rotation 1 - winter rape (Brassica napus L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), grain maize (Zea mays), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L); crop rotation 2 - soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L). The article presents the results of research in two short-rotation crop rotations with the placement of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) after winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) against the background of two tillage systems: ploughing (25–27 cm) and no-till (direct sowing). The impact of different methods of soil cultivation and fertilizing systems on the humus content and nutrient regime of typical chernozems in the agrocenosis of winter wheat was determined. It was established that in winter wheat, placed after winter rapeseed and soybeans, there is a tendency to increase the humus content under zero tillage up to 15% relative to the control (without fertilizers) and from 5–14% relative to moldboard tillage (25–27 cm ploughing). The most effective in nutrient accumulation was fertilizing system N(90)P2О5(90)K2О(90) applied after rape and after soybean. Respectively, the content of mobile phosphorus compounds increased by 10–18% and potassium by 1.3–2.0 times compared to the control (without fertilizers) with the advantage of no-tillcultivation technology. The given comparative assessment of the yield formation of winter wheat when growing it after different pre-crops showed that the average yield of winter wheat grain in both cultivations on the control option for the soybean pre-crop was 3.55 t ha-1 and 4.00 t ha-1 for rape. The highest increases in grain yield on average over the years of research were provided by the fertilizing system of 50–54% (N(90)P2О5(90)K2О(90)) for growing winter wheat after soybeans and 39–47% (N(90)P2О5(90) K2О(90)) on the winter rape pre-crop with the advantage of moldboard tillage (ploughing) in crop cultivation technologies. The fertilizing system with the introduction of N(16)P2О(16)K2О(16) has the prospect of spreading because, in terms of the formation of typical indicators of chernozem fertility and the yield of winter wheat grain, it approaches technologies with the introduction of N(120)P2О5(90–60)K2О(100–90) with significant cost savings for mineral fertilizers

Bioremoval of hazardous cobalt, nickel, chromium, copper and cadmium compounds from contaminated soil by Nicotiana tabacum plants and associated microbiome

Contamination of soils with heavy metals leads to reduction of soil fertility, destruction of natural ecosystems and detrimental effects on the health of society by increasing content of metals in the food chains from microorganisms to plants, animals and humans. Bioremediation is one of the most promising and cost-effective methods of cleaning soils polluted with toxic metals. According to current researchers, microorganisms and plants have the genetic potential to remove toxic metals from contaminated sites. The method of thermodynamic prediction was used to theoretically substantiate the mechanisms of interaction of soil microorganisms and plants with heavy metals. According to the our prediction, exometabolite chelators of anaerobic microorganisms may increase the mobility of metals and thereby contribute to the active transport of metals and their accumulation in plants. Plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. of Djubek cultivar were used as plant material for the current investigation. The examined toxicants were heavy metals, namely cobalt (II), nickel (II), chromium (VI), copper (II) and cadmium (II). The aqueous solutions of metal salts were added to the boxes after two months of plants growing to the final super-high concentration – 500 mg/kg of absolutely dry weight of soil. Quantitative assessments of copper and chromium-resistant microorganisms were made by cultivation on agar nutrient medium NA with a gradient of Cu(II) and Cr(VI). The concentration of metals in soil and plant material (leaves, stems and roots) was determined by atomic absorption method. The study revealed that heavy metals inhibited the growth of the examined tobacco plants. This was expressed by the necrosis of plant tissues and, ultimately, their complete death. Despite this, all investigated heavy metals were accumulated in plant tissues during 3–7 days before death of plants. The uptake of metals was observed in all parts of plants – leaves, stems and roots. The highest concentrations of Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI) were found in the leaves, Cu(II) – in the roots. The results show that the bioremoval efficiency of the investigated metals ranged 0.60–3.65%. Given the super-high initial concentration of each of the metals (500 mg/kg), the determined removal efficiency was also high. Cadmium was the most toxic to plants. Thus, the basic points of the thermodynamic prognosis of the possibility of accumulation of heavy metals by phytomicrobial consortium were experimentally confirmed on the example of N. tabacum plants and metal-resistant microorganisms. The study demonstrated that despite the high initial metals concentration, rate of damage and death of plants, metals are accumulated inplant tissues in extremely hight concentrations. Soil microorganisms were observed to have high adaptation potencial to Cu(II) and Cr(VI). In anaerobic conditions, microorganisms presumably mobilize heavy metals, which later are absorbed by plants. The obtained results are the basis for the development of environmental biotechnologies for cleaning contaminated soils from heavy metal compounds

Cultivar features of polyphenolic compounds and ascorbic acid accumulation in the cherry fruits (Prunus cerasus L.) in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Received: June 1st, 2022 ; Accepted: September 26th, 2022 ; Published: October 14th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] is a popular and widespread fruit crop in many European countries. Significant areas of its plantation are located in the Southern Steppe subzone of Ukraine. Modern biochemical research aims to determine the amplitude of cherries varietal difference within the studied species and determine selection possibilities for the most important chemical components. In this regard, the study of fruits biochemical composition of different cherries cultivars is relevant. The aim of the research was to build a mathematical model based on Multiple linear regression method, which reveals the degree of weather factors influence on the dynamics of polyphenolic compounds and ascorbic acid accumulation in cherries fruits in the Southern Steppe subzone of Ukraine and in regions with similar hydrothermal parameters. The cultivar ‘Ihrushka’ was characterized by the lowest variability in the concentration of polyphenolic compounds with the value of the variation coefficient of 9.9%. The optimal average concentration of polyphenolic compounds at the level of 224.6 mg 100 g-1 had fruits of the cherry cultivar ‘Siianets Turovtsevoi’ (Vp – 12.8%). Fruits of the ‘Vstrecha’ cultivar were characterized by the optimal average concentration of ascorbic acid at the level of 9.6 mg 100 g-1 and variability of the indicator 14.0%. The dominant influence of varietal characteristics on the polyphenolic compounds accumulation in cherry fruits has been established. The share of the factor impact B was 41.3%. It was determined that weather conditions with a share of influence of 69.2% are crucial for the formation of the ascorbic acid. The correlation analysis showed the presence of a linear correlation between seven weather factors (Хі, i = 1..7) and the concentration of polyphenolic compounds (Y1) and ascorbic acid (Y2) in cherry fruits. The values of the pairwise correlation coefficients rY1Xi , rY2Xi i = 1. .7 were within the interval [-0.55; 0.55], which showed the presence of an impact between these weather factors and the studied indicators. The average monthly precipitation in June became decisive for the accumulation of polypolyphenolic compounds (∆X2 = 35.2%). The average monthly amount of precipitation in May was determined to be the most important for the formation of the ascorbic acid level (∆X1 = 37.1%)

Efficiency of productivity potential realization of different-age sites of a trunk of grades of columnar type apple-trees

Received: April 15th, 2022 ; Accepted: May 15th, 2022 ; Published: May 17th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] article provides information about buds organogenesis in plants of columnar apple cultivars in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine (Kyiv), which allows to establish the features of this process in complex fruit formations of different ages, and their productivity and longevity. We recommend studying of apple trees productivity in the process of its formation by analyzing of rudimentary organs formation and their consistent development into vegetative and generative organs, which are elements of productivity. Studies of organogenesis different-age fruit formations of columnar apple cultivars were conducted in the northern part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine during 2016–2020. It was established that separate age sections of columnar apple trees trunk formed different initial productivity potential. In plants of all studied varieties and age groups, the laying of generative buds, the implementation of reproductive elements in V–IX and X–XI stages of organogenesis were more effective in older age areas of the trunk. Complex fruit formations, regardless of the trunk age where they are placed, form a high potential for productivity, which is effectively realized. The dependence of the formation and productivity potential realization on the stages of organogenesis and meteorological factors is established

Форми та методи самостійної роботи студента над хоровою партитурою

В навчально-методичному посібнику висловлено чимало слушних порад, для опанування навичок читання хорових партитур та диригування. Зокрема, звернено увагу на слухове та зорове сприйняття музичного тексту, роль внутрішнього слуху, як під час читання партитури за фортепіано, так і в процесі слухання твору з нотами. В посібнику особливу увагу приділено ознайомленню студентів з хоровою партитурою шляхом безпосереднього інтонування кожної з партій з одночасним диригуванням

Нові мастильні матеріали на основі індустріальних олив, тіоамідів та їх координаційних сполук

Світове споживання мастильних матеріалів, що отримують, головним чином, на базі мінеральних олив і, частково, на основі синтетичних, складає 0,8 % від споживання сирої нафти [1]. Сучасні технології, машини і механізми висувають до мастильних матеріалів цілий ряд жорстких вимог по навантажувальним, протизносним, протизадирним властивостям, густині, стійкості до окиснення та корозії, а також токсикологічній безпеці по відношенню до людини. Чисті оливи та мастила не в змозі задовольнити цілому ряду таких вимог, тому виникає нагальна потреба вводити до складу базових олив хімічні добавки (присадні матеріали).Мировое потребление смазочных материалов, получают, главным образом, на базе минеральных масел и, частично, на основе синтетических, составляет 0,8% от потребления сырой нефти [1]. Современные технологии, машины и механизмы выдвигают к смазочным материалам целый ряд жестких требований по нагрузочным, противоизносные, противозадирные свойствам, плотности, устойчивости к окислению и коррозии, а также токсикологической безопасности по отношению к человеку. Чистые масла и смазки не в состоянии удовлетворить целому ряду таких требований, поэтому возникает насущная необходимость вводить в состав базовых масел химические добавки (присадочные материалы).World consumption of lubricants, receiving mainly based on mineral oils and, in part, based on synthetic constitutes 0.8% of the consumption of crude oil [1]. Modern technologies, machines and mechanisms for lubricants nominate a number of strict requirements for loading, anti-wear, extreme pressure properties, density, resistance to oxidation and corrosion, and toxicological safety in relation to man. Net oil and grease is unable to meet a number of requirements, so there is an urgent need to introduce into the base oils, chemical additives (additive materials)

How Much Remains Undetected? Probability of Molecular Detection of Human Plasmodia in the Field

BACKGROUND: In malaria endemic areas, most people are simultaneously infected with different parasite clones. Detection of individual clones is hampered when their densities fluctuate around the detection limit and, in case of P. falciparum, by sequestration during part of their life cycle. This has important implications for measures of levels of infection or for the outcome of clinical trials. This study aimed at measuring the detectability of individual P. falciparum and P. vivax parasite clones in consecutive samples of the same patient and at investigating the impact of sampling strategies on basic epidemiological measures such as multiplicity of infection (MOI). METHODS: Samples were obtained in a repeated cross-sectional field survey in 1 to 4.5 years old children from Papua New Guinea, who were followed up in 2-monthly intervals over 16 months. At each follow-up visit, two consecutive blood samples were collected from each child at intervals of 24 hours. Samples were genotyped for the polymorphic markers msp2 for P. falciparum and msp1F3 and MS16 for P. vivax. Observed prevalence and mean MOI estimated from single samples per host were compared to combined data from sampling twice within 24 h. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: Estimated detectability was high in our data set (0.79 [95% CI 0.76-0.82] for P. falciparum and, depending on the marker, 0.61 [0.58-0.63] or 0.73 [0.71-0.75] for P. vivax). When genotyping data from sequential samples, collected 24 hours apart, were combined, the increase in measured prevalence was moderate, 6 to 9% of all infections were missed on a single day. The effect on observed MOI was more pronounced, 18 to 31% of all individual clones were not detected in a single bleed. Repeated sampling revealed little difference between detectability of P. falciparum and P. vivax

ВПЛИВ ГІПОТИРЕОЗУ НА ДИНАМІКУ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО І ГОРМОНАЛЬНОГО СТАТУСУ В ЧОЛОВІКІВ

Violations in the endocrine system of men with hypothyroidism contribute to the development of hypogonadism and the weakening of fertility due to the apparent linkage of reproductive hormones and spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the hormonal status, metabolic and anthropometric indexes in men of active reproductive age with primary hypothyroidism. Material and Methods. A comparative analysis of hormonal, anthropometric and metabolic parameters in 60 men with hypothyroidism and 25 men without hypothyroidism (control group) was conducted. Results. It was found that for the group of men with hypothyroidism, in comparison with the control group, more common were increase in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein, as well as a decrease in testosterone levels and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone, while other reproductive hormones such as estradiol and luteinizing hormones were not changed. It is believed that in men suffering from hypothyroidism, lowering the testosterone level and increasing the follicle stimulating hormone is the primary index which indicates the development of functional hypogonadism, which ultimately leads to a decrease in libido, erectile dysfunction and subfertility. Conclusions. Men with hypothyroidism were shown to lower testosterone levels and increase the level of follicle stimulating hormone in the blood, which is 63 % higher than in the control group. In 97 % of men with hypothyroidism, there was an increase in blood levels of total cholesterol and cholesterol of low density lipoproteins.Нарушения в эндокринной системе мужчин с гипотиреозом способствуют развитию гипогонадизма и снижению фертильности в связи с очевидной связью репродуктивних гормонов и сперматогенеза. Цель исследования – оценка гормональных, метаболических и антропометрических показателей у мужчин репродуктивного возраста с первичным гипотиреозом. Материал и методы. Проведен сравнительный анализ гормональных, антропометрических и метаболических показателей 60 мужчин с гипотиреозом и 25 мужчин без гипотиреоза (контрольная группа). Результаты. Установлено, что группа мужчин с гипотиреозом, по сравнению с контрольной группой, характеризовалась повышенными уровнями общего холестерина и холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности. В группе мужчин с гипотиреозом наблюдалось снижение уровня тестостерона и повышение уровня фолликулостимулирующего гормона (ФСГ) в крови, по сравнению с контролем, в то время как уровень других репродуктивных гормонов (эстрадиола, лютеинизирующего гормона) не менялся. Предполагается, что у мужчин с гипотиреозом сниженный уровень тестостерона и повышенный уровень ФСГ являются первыми индикатороми риска развития функционального гипогонадизма, что может приводить впоследствии к снижению либидо, эректильной дисфункции и субфертильности. Выводы. У мужчин с гипотиреозом обнаружено снижение содержания тестостерона и повышение уровня фолликулостимулирующего гормона в крови, что на 63 % больше, нежели у мужчин контрольной группы. У 97 % мужчин с гипотиреозом наблюдалось повышение в крови общего холестерина и липопротеидов низкой плотности.Порушення в ендокринній системі у чоловіків з гіпотиреозом сприяють розвитку гіпогонадизму і послабленню фертильності внаслідок очевидного зв’язку репродуктивних гормонів і сперматогенезу. Мета дослідження – оцінити гормональний статус, метаболічні й антропометричні показники у чоловіків активного репродуктивного віку з первинним гіпотиреозом. Матеріал і методи. Проведено порівняльний аналіз гормональних, антропометричних і метаболічних показників 60 чоловіків з гіпотиреозом і 25 чоловіків без гіпотиреозу (контрольна група). Результати. Встановлено, що для групи чоловіків з гіпотиреозом, порівняно з контрольною групою, характернішими були підвищення загального холестерину та ліпопротеїдів низької щільності, а також зниження рівня тестостерону та підвищення фолікулостимулювального гормону, тоді як рівень інших репродуктивних гормонів, таких як естрадіол та лютеїнізуючий гормон, не змінювався. Вважають, що у чоловіків, хворих на гіпотиреоз, зниження рівня тестостерону та підвищення фолікулостимулювального гормону є первинними індикаторами, які свідчать про розвиток функціонального гіпогонадизму, що призводить до зниження лібідо, еректильної дисфункції та субфертильності. Висновки. У чоловіків з гіпотиреозом виявлено зниження вмісту тестостерону і підвищення рівня фолікулостимулювального гормону в крові на 63 %, порівняно з контрольною групою. У 97 % чоловіків з гіпотиреозом спостерігали підвищення в крові вмісту загального холестерину і холестерину ліпопротеїнів низької щільності

VITAMIN D AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

Background. As it is established that diabetes mellitus causes metabolic disturbances of all types (first of all because of carbohydrate metabolism), affection of blood vessels, nerves, different organs and tissues. However, the influence of DM on the level of microelements is still not investigated enough. Despite the sufficient variety of medicaments, compensation of diabetes mellitus is achieved in less than 30% of patients. For this reason, the search of new ways of treatment which are aimed at the improvement of carbohydrate metabolism is an urgent issue.Objective. The research was aimed to reveal the deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and its correlation with carbohydrate metabolism.Methods. Thirty five patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2 aged 55-74 with illness duration 2-4 years were examined. The control group included 35 healthy people of the same age and sex. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] were tested by means of radioimmunoassay. The level of glycated haemoglobin was tested by means of liquid chromatography.Results. Correlation of the level of vitamin D with the degree of diabetes mellitus Type 2 compensation has been detected.Conclusions. A clear tendency to the improvement of diabetes mellitus Type 2 compensation after medication correction with vitamin D was evidenced.