Eating at Yale, 1701-1965

For years eating at Yale was an unpleasant procedure. From the beginnings of the Collegiate School in Saybrook in 1701 until it moved to New Haven in 1716, students ate at the houses of the Rectors and the Tutors. In 1718 the first college building ( Yale College ) was erected, a combination dormitory and Commons where the students were required to eat. In later years other Commons were built, but in all of them, if we can believe the reports, the food was sub-standard if not actually bad. The students rebelled and threw over-ripe meat or rancid butter around the rooms or out of the windows. There were many food riots, some of them serious

Happy Hannah / words by Theo Havemeyer

Cover: caricature of four African Americans, drawn with monkey-like features; description reads Cake Walk; Publisher: McKinley Music Co. (Chicago)https://egrove.olemiss.edu/sharris_a/1038/thumbnail.jp

Reframing Sacred Values

Sacred values differ from material or instrumental values in that they incorporate moral beliefs that drive action in ways dissociated from prospects for success. Across the world, people believe that devotion to essential or core values – such as the welfare of their family and country, or their commitment to religion, honor, and justice – are, or ought to be, absolute and inviolable. Counterintuitively, understanding an opponent's sacred values, we believe, offers surprising opportunities for breakthroughs to peace. Because of the emotional unwillingness of those in conflict situations to negotiate sacred values, conventional wisdom suggests that negotiators should either leave sacred values for last in political negotiations or try to bypass them with sufficient material incentives. Our empirical findings and historical analysis suggest that conventional wisdom is wrong. In fact, offering to provide material benefits in exchange for giving up a sacred value actually makes settlement more difficult because people see the offering as an insult rather than a compromise. But we also found that making symbolic concessions of no apparent material benefit might open the way to resolving seemingly irresolvable conflicts. We offer suggestions for how negotiators can reframe their position by demonstrating respect, and/or by apologizing for what they sincerely regret. We also offer suggestions for how to overcome sacred barriers by refining sacred values to exclude outmoded claims, exploiting the inevitable ambiguity of sacred values, shifting the context, provisionally prioritizing values, and reframing responsibility

Personal Papers (MS 80-0002)

Letter from Horace Havemeyer Jr., to Mr. I. H. Kempner thanking him for his extended sympathy for the loss of Havemeyer's father

Polyphosphate Speicherung in der Familie Beggiatoaceae mit Fokus auf die Spezies Beggiatoa alba

Sulfur bacteria of the family Beggiatoaceae are of special interest with respect to the phosphorus cycle, because they can store large amounts of polyphosphate and are proposed to influence phosphorus sequestration in marine sediments (e.g. Schulz and Schulz, 2005). The aim of this thesis was to study different aspects of polyphosphate storage in members of the family Beggiatoaceae especially on a physiological but also on genomic level with a special focus on the heterotrophic freshwater strain Beggiatoa alba B15LD

Polyphosphate storage in the family Beggiatoaceae with a focus on the species Beggiatoa alba Sandra

Sulfur bacteria of the family Beggiatoaceae are of special interest with respect to the phosphorus cycle, because they can store large amounts of polyphosphate and are proposed to influence phosphorus sequestration in marine sediments (e.g. Schulz and Schulz, 2005). The aim of this thesis was to study different aspects of polyphosphate storage in members of the family Beggiatoaceae on a physiological and genomic level with a special focus on the heterotrophic freshwater strain Beggiatoa alba B15LD. In addition, polyphosphate- related enzymes, which are encoded in different members of the Beggiatoaceae, were identified and possible pathways of polyphosphate utilization were discussed, including its exploitation as an energy source. In the second part, the structure and elemental composition of polyphosphate inclusions in Beggiatoa alba were analyzed. Studies using various techniques revealed that these inclusions are not acidic and are associated with sodium cations. This is the first time that a co-occurrence of polyphosphate with Na+ was observed in Beggiatoaceae and among bacteria in general. In addition, the factors controlling the storage and degradation of polyphosphate in Beggiatoa alba were studied under laboratory conditions. Comparison of the triggers for polyphosphate synthesis and degradation to those effective in other members of the family Beggiatoaceae, which are lithoautotrophic and originate from freshwater, marine, and hypersaline environments, revealed that only Beggiatoa alba stored polyphosphate at nitrogen limitation. Under these conditions, polyphosphate was possibly stored as an energy reserve, since growth was inhibited and excess energy was available through the oxidation of acetate. In E. coli, it was shown that polyphosphate was stored at nitrogen limitation to induce the degradation of ribosomal proteins to use them as an intracellular amino acid pool. The produced guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) serves as an important signaling molecule during this process. Elevated ppGpp concentrations were also measured in nitrogenlimited cultures of Beggiatoa alba, suggesting that this mechanism is also present in this species. Polyphosphate degradation in Beggiatoa alba was induced by different stress factors, such as high and low pH (Havemeyer, 2010), elevated temperatures, and high ammonium concentrations, which did not affect polyphosphate storage in the marine strain Beggiatoa sp. 35Flor. In contrast, the marine strain degraded polyphosphate in response to high sulfide concentrations and anoxia (Brock and Schulz-Vogt, 2011). While sulfide concentrations in freshwater sediments are much lower than in marine sediments, pH changes are more likely to occur, since freshwater is, in contrast to seawater, not carbonate buffered. Hence, polyphosphate degradation in Beggiatoaceae seems to be related to habitat-specific environmental factors. Finally, polyphosphate storage in environmental samples of filamentous Beggiatoaceae from Lake Grevelingen, The Netherlands, and Aarhus Bay, Denmark, were investigated. Fluctuations in redox conditions together with high sulfide concentrations are a prerequisite for polyphosphate degradation and phosphate release in a marine Beggiatoa strain (Brock and Schulz-Vogt, 2011). Although both sampling sites have fluctuations in redox conditions, no polyphosphate storage was observed and therefore a potential influence on benthic phosphorus cycling cannot be assumed. The facts that sulfide concentrations were not very high and fluctuations of redox conditions occurred seasonally and not more frequently might explain the difference. Hence, sulfur bacteria do not in general influence benthic phosphorus cycling. Instead, it seems that only special conditions, as found at sites of recent phosphorus sequestration, have the potential to induce massive accumulation of polyphosphate and rapid phosphate release by sulfur bacteria

The elucidation of poetry: a translation of chapters one through six of Mammaṭa's Kāvyaprakāśa with comments and notes

textMammata’s Kavyaprakasa is an eleventh-century Sanskrit work on poetics that synthesizes two earlier schools of poetics: the Alankara School (the School of Poetic Ornamentation) and the Dhvani School (the School of Suggestion). The first six chapters establish the method of synthesis and explain the position of the Dhvani School. Jyatsna Mohan’s edition of the Kavyaprakasa (Nag Publishers, 1995) is transliterated, edited, and translated from Sanskrit into English. The dissertation’s introduction places the work in conceptual, artistic, and historical context. Here a new theory about the nature and importance of Mammata’s theoretic synthesis is advanced. It is argued that Mammata was aware of the tensions between the two schools and sought to create a system of poetics that could incorporate the theoretical and critical tools of both. Explanatory comments are added to make the work more accessible and to clarify philosophic difficulties. Additional comments seek to show how the poetic examples serve to illustrate theses of the larger philosophic discussion.Philosoph