445 research outputs found
ERAWATCH country reports 2012: Hungary
This analytical country report is one of as eries of annual ERAWATCH reports produced for EU Member States and Countries
Associated to the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Union (FP7). The main objective of the ERAWATCH Annual Country Reports is to characterise and assess the performance of national research systems and related policies in a structured manner that is comparable across countries.
The Country Report 2012 builds on and updates the 2011 edition. The report identifies the structural challenges of the nation al resea rch and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and the structural challenges, highlighting the latest developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. They further a nalyse and assess
the ability of the policy mix in place to consistently and efficiently tackle these challenges. These reports were originally produced in December 2012, focusing on policy developments over the previous twelve months.
The reports were pro duced by independent experts under direct contract with IPTS. The analytical framework and the structure of the reports have been developed by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the Joint Research Centre (JRC - IPTS)and Directorate Gener
al for Research and Innovation with contributions from external expert
Gauge Invariant Hamiltonian Formalism for Spherically Symmetric Gravitating Shells
The dynamics of a spherically symmetric thin shell with arbitrary rest mass
and surface tension interacting with a central black hole is studied. A careful
investigation of all classical solutions reveals that the value of the radius
of the shell and of the radial velocity as an initial datum does not determine
the motion of the shell; another configuration space must, therefore, be found.
A different problem is that the shell Hamiltonians used in literature are
complicated functions of momenta (non-local) and they are gauge dependent. To
solve these problems, the existence is proved of a gauge invariant
super-Hamiltonian that is quadratic in momenta and that generates the shell
equations of motion. The true Hamiltonians are shown to follow from the
super-Hamiltonian by a reduction procedure including a choice of gauge and
solution of constraint; one important step in the proof is a lemma stating that
the true Hamiltonians are uniquely determined (up to a canonical
transformation) by the equations of motion of the shell, the value of the total
energy of the system, and the choice of time coordinate along the shell. As an
example, the Kraus-Wilczek Hamiltonian is rederived from the super-Hamiltonian.
The super-Hamiltonian coincides with that of a fictitious particle moving in a
fixed two-dimensional Kruskal spacetime under the influence of two effective
potentials. The pair consisting of a point of this spacetime and a unit
timelike vector at the point, considered as an initial datum, determines a
unique motion of the shell.Comment: Some remarks on the singularity of the vector potantial are added and
some minor corrections done. Definitive version accepted in Phys. Re
On the motion of a classical charged particle
We show that the Lorentz-Dirac equation is not an unavoidable consequence of
energy-momentum conservation for a point charge. What follows solely from
conservation laws is a less restrictive equation already obtained by Honig and
Szamosi. The latter is not properly an equation of motion because, as it
contains an extra scalar variable, it does not determine the future evolution
of the charge. We show that a supplementary constitutive relation can be added
so that the motion is determined and free from the troubles that are customary
in Lorentz-Dirac equation, i. e. preacceleration and runaways
Self-forces on extended bodies in electrodynamics
In this paper, we study the bulk motion of a classical extended charge in
flat spacetime. A formalism developed by W. G. Dixon is used to determine how
the details of such a particle's internal structure influence its equations of
motion. We place essentially no restrictions (other than boundedness) on the
shape of the charge, and allow for inhomogeneity, internal currents,
elasticity, and spin. Even if the angular momentum remains small, many such
systems are found to be affected by large self-interaction effects beyond the
standard Lorentz-Dirac force. These are particularly significant if the
particle's charge density fails to be much greater than its 3-current density
(or vice versa) in the center-of-mass frame. Additional terms also arise in the
equations of motion if the dipole moment is too large, and when the
`center-of-electromagnetic mass' is far from the `center-of-bare mass' (roughly
speaking). These conditions are often quite restrictive. General equations of
motion were also derived under the assumption that the particle can only
interact with the radiative component of its self-field. These are much simpler
than the equations derived using the full retarded self-field; as are the
conditions required to recover the Lorentz-Dirac equation.Comment: 30 pages; significantly improved presentation; accepted for
publication in Phys. Rev.
The Inverse Variational Problem for Autoparallels
We study the problem of the existence of a local quantum scalar field theory
in a general affine metric space that in the semiclassical approximation would
lead to the autoparallel motion of wave packets, thus providing a deviation of
the spinless particle trajectory from the geodesics in the presence of torsion.
The problem is shown to be equivalent to the inverse problem of the calculus of
variations for the autoparallel motion with additional conditions that the
action (if it exists) has to be invariant under time reparametrizations and
general coordinate transformations, while depending analytically on the torsion
tensor. The problem is proved to have no solution for a generic torsion in
four-dimensional spacetime. A solution exists only if the contracted torsion
tensor is a gradient of a scalar field. The corresponding field theory
describes coupling of matter to the dilaton field.Comment: 13 pages, plain Latex, no figure
Heuristic Models of Two-Fermion Relativistic Systems with Field-Type Interaction
We use the chain of simple heuristic expedients to obtain perturbative and
exactly solvable relativistic spectra for a family of two-fermionic bound
systems with Coulomb-like interaction. In the case of electromagnetic
interaction the spectrum coincides up to the second order in a coupling
constant with that following from the quantum electrodynamics. Discrepancy
occurs only for S-states which is the well-known difficulty in the bound-state
problem. The confinement interaction is considered too.
PACS number(s): 03.65.Pm, 03.65.Ge, 12.39.PnComment: 16 pages, LaTeX 2.0
Geneious Basic: An integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data
Summary: The two main functions of bioinformatics are the organization and analysis of biological data using computational resources. Geneious Basic has been designed to be an easy-to-use and flexible desktop software application framework for the organization and analysis of biological data, with a focus on molecular sequences and related data types. It integrates numerous industry-standard discovery analysis tools, with interactive visualizations to generate publication-ready images. One key contribution to researchers in the life sciences is the Geneious public application programming interface (API) that affords the ability to leverage the existing framework of the Geneious Basic software platform for virtually unlimited extension and customization. The result is an increase in the speed and quality of development of computation tools for the life sciences, due to the functionality and graphical user interface available to the developer through the public API. Geneious Basic represents an ideal platform for the bioinformatics community to leverage existing components and to integrate their own specific requirements for the discovery, analysis and visualization of biological data
Comparative analysis of policy-mixes of research and innovation policies in Central and Eastern European countries
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