Réactions sociales à la déviance : Une étude exploratoire

SOCIAL REACTION TO DEVIANCE : AN EXPLORATORY STUDYThe object of this exploratory study is to analyse social reactions to deviance by endeavouring to show some of the mechanisms of these re-actions. To do this, we have isolated deviant behaviour from its situational elements in order to study the fluctuations of reactions according to the nature of the deviance, and according to the categories of those reacting to the deviance.The instrument of measurement is a questionnaire which was administered to a random sample for pre-testing. This sample was drawn from the metropolitan region of Montreal. The data analysis is concerned with the degree of generality, consensus, consistency and contingency of reactions in terms of the nature of the deviant behaviour.The results showed the reactions to be surprisingly general. The regularity of the continuum drawn by the indices of contingency and those of strictly punitive consensus was remarkable.This exploratory study gives interested researchers information on crime-deviance continuums and social reactions to deviance. The continuum of social reactions is clearly defined, and this gives us reason to believe it would be possible to introduce an order of importance in the evaluation of social reactions.REACCION SOCIAL FRENTE A LA CONDUCTA DESVIADA : UN ESTUDIO EXPLORATORIOEl objeto de este estudio exploratorio es analizar las reacciones sociales frente a la conducta desviada ; con este fin, se intentara descomponer parte de los mecanismos de dichas reacciones. Para ello, se ha aislado la conducta desviada de sus elementos situacionales con vistas a estudiar las fiuctuaciones de la reaccion segun la naturaleza de la desviacion por una parte y las categorias de la audiencia por otra.El instrumento de medida es un cuestionario que ha sido administrado a una muestra aleatoria de pre-test seleccionada en la region metropolitana de Montreal. El analisis de los datos se refiere al grado de generalidad, consenso, consistencia y contingencia de la reaccion, en funcion de la naturaleza de la conducta desviada.Entre los resultados, sorprende la generalidad de las reacciones. Tam-bien conviene subrayar la regularidad de los continues determinados por los indices de contingencia y consenso formai punitivo.Este estudio exploratorio contribuye a esclarecer a los investigadores in-teresados por los continuos desviacion-criminalidad y por las reacciones sociales frente a la conducta desviada. Efectivamente, el continuo de dichas reacciones sociales aparece con toda claridad, lo cual permite creer en la pqsibilidad de introducir un orden de magnitud en la evaluacion de la reaccion social.SOZIALE REAKTIONEN AUF DAS ABWEICHENDE VERHALTEN : EIN ERFORSCHENDES STUDIUMDas Objektiv dieses untersuchenden Studiums ist die Analyse der sozialen Reaktionen auf das abweichende Verhalten, indem es versucht, einen Teil der Mechanismen dieser Reaktionen zu zerlegen. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir das abweichende Verhalten von seinen situationnellen Elementen isoliert, um die Schwankungen der Reaktionen in ihrer Abhan-gigkeit von der Natur der Abweichung einerseits, und nach den Audienz-kathegorien andrerseits, zu studieren.Das Massinstrument ist ein Fragebogen, der einem zufallig ausge-wahlten Pra-Test Muster verabreicht wurde. Diese Probe wurde der metro-politanen Gegend von Montreal entnommen. Die Datenanalyse betrifft denGrad von Generalitat, Konsens, Konsistenz und Kontingenz der Reaktionen in Abhangigkeit von der Natur des abweichenden Verhaltens.Unter diesen Ergebnissen scheint die Allgemeinheit uberraschend zu sein. Die Regelmassigkeit des Kontinuums, gezeichnet von den Kontingen-zindizien, und desjenigen gezeichnet von den formellen Straf-Konsensin-diziem ist bemerkenswert.Dieses erforschende Studium tragt dazu bei, interessierte Forscher uber das Kontinuum abweichendes Verhalten-Kriminalitat und der sozialen Reaktionen auf die Abweichung aufzuklaren. Tatsachlich tritt das Kontinuum der sozialen Reaktionen klar hervor, und diese Feststellung erlaubt uns anzunehem, dass es moglich ist, ein Grossenmass in die Wertung der sozialen Reaktionen einzufuhren

THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY IN POLAND: AN INVESTIGATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL

Unlike previous migration studies that extensively concerned the adaptation issue, this study focuses on the social bases, investigating the configuration of the social capital of the Vietnamese community in Poland. It mainly concerns two main components of social capital: social networks and social trust. The data for empirical analyses in this study are employed from a research project examining the integration of the Vietnamese into the political sphere in Polish society. The project applies a mixed-research method design to collect quantitative data through an original social survey with 347 respondents and qualitative data from 15 semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal the social capital of the Vietnamese in Poland with a striking characteristic of a high level of bonding ties, primarily relying on close relations such as family or ethnic organizations to seek support and placing a very high level of confidence in family members. Nevertheless, this study also uncovers the accumulation of bridging social capital through developing out-group contacts and participating in cross-ethnic associations among the Vietnamese. The results of this study have significant implications for understanding the attachment tendency of the Vietnamese in Polish society

THE CURRENT SITUATION OF THE INSTRUCTION IN EXTRACURRICULAR SPORTS FOR STUDENTS FROM TRA VINH UNIVERSITY, VIETNAM

This study uses the sociological investigation method and direct interview in order to understand the current situation of the instruction in extracurricular sports at Tra Vinh University. The total area of the playground is 13,700 m2 with the ratio of 1.36 m2/student. There are 11 lecturers and the ratio of student/lecturer is 915.18. There is still no regular program in extracurricular sports for Tra Vinh University students.  Article visualizations

Support measures to estimate the reliability of evolutionary events predicted by reconciliation methods

International audienceThe genome content of extant species is derived from that of ancestral genomes, distorted by evolutionary events such as gene duplications, transfers and losses. Reconciliation methods aim at recovering such events and at localizing them in the species history, by comparing gene family trees to species trees. These methods play an important role in studying genome evolution as well as in inferring orthology relationships. A major issue with reconciliation methods is that the reliability of predicted evolutionary events may be questioned for various reasons: Firstly, there may be multiple equally optimal reconciliations for a given species tree–gene tree pair. Secondly, reconciliation methods can be misled by inaccurate gene or species trees. Thirdly, predicted events may fluctuate with method parameters such as the cost or rate of elementary events. For all of these reasons, confidence values for predicted evolutionary events are sorely needed. It was recently suggested that the frequency of each event in the set of all optimal reconciliations could be used as a support measure. We put this proposition to the test here and also consider a variant where the support measure is obtained by additionally accounting for suboptimal reconciliations. Experiments on simulated data show the relevance of event supports computed by both methods, while resorting to suboptimal sampling was shown to be more effective. Unfortunately, we also show that, unlike the majority-rule consensus tree for phylogenies, there is no guarantee that a single reconciliation can contain all events having above 50% support. In this paper, we detail how to rely on the reconciliation graph to efficiently identify the median reconciliation. Such median reconciliation can be found in polynomial time within the potentially exponential set of most parsimonious reconciliations

Quality Assessment During the Fermentation of Cocoa Beans: Effects of Partial Mucilage Removal

Fermentation of cocoa beans is the most important process contributing to the flavor in chocolate and other related products. The present study aimed to investigate the fermentation at a laboratory scale of cocoa beans with and without 10% w/w mucilage removal (whole beans). The physicochemical properties and microorganism development were monitored for six days of continuous fermentation (sampling was conducted every 24 hours). The results indicated the effects of partial mucilage removal of cocoa beans before the fermentation, in which the temperature, pH, and mucilage content (with/without mucilage removal) were recorded as 36.5 oC/38.6 oC, 3.44/3.31, and 18.41%/21.84%, respectively at the final day. Besides, the density of microorganisms (yeast-mold, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria) of cocoa beans with partial mucilage removal was higher than whole cocoa beans due to the increased aeration of the beans with mucilage removal, creating favorable conditions for the growth of microorganisms. After the fermentation, several physicochemical properties of the two cocoa bean types were compared, which demonstrated the more favorable quality of the cocoa beans with partial mucilage removal compared to the whole cocoa beans for the fermentation, e.g., lower seed shell content (14.1% vs. 17.8%), lower total acid (1.67% vs. 2.77%), and pH of around 5.0

Internal market orientation, frontliners' organizational commitment and customer-oriented behavior: A study of airport service in Vietnam

This research examines the three-component structure of the concept internal market orientation (IMO) and investigates its impact on frontliners’ organizational commitment (OC) and customer-oriented behavior (COB) in the context of airport service in Vietnam. Based on a sample of 294 frontliners working in various airports, SEM analysis reveals that IMO has a strong impact on OC. It also has direct and indirect impacts on COB. Moreover, the empirical result supports the component structure of IMO. It is, therefore, suggested that IMO is powerful to enhance both internal employee management and external marketing performance in the research context

Fish distribution in the Ba Che and Tien Yen rivers

The ichthyo-fauna in the Ba Che and Tien Yen rivers, northern Vietnam is highly diverse, with a total of 245 species determined. However, data on the distribution of fish species are not sufficiently provided for the whole area. This study was conducted from 2008 to 2011 at 27 stations from the Ba Che and Tien Yen river basins to determine the distribution of fish species according to different sections of the rivers, water bodies, seasons, and salinity levels. The results show that fish species are distributed mainly in the river (with 210 species), concentrated in the downstream area (with 213 species). Fishes are mainly collected in the dry season when the salinity level of river is high, due to seawater intrusion which also brings in 160 species of marine fish. This shows that fish distribution in the research areas is mainly dominated by the presence of marine species. While for freshwater fish, it is clearly affected by the mountainous features. Apart from the common characteristics sharing between the two river basins, but the number of both freshwater and marine fish species in the Tien Yen river are larger than those of Ba Che river, which is related to fresh water surface, river morphology, the width and location of the estuary to the sea. The downstream area is home to the fish species recorded in the Red Data Book of Vietnam and the complementary species for Vietnam, while the middle and upstream of the rivers may offer a high potential of biodiversity, with many possibly new species for science. These are important data for the conservation and sustainable development of fish resources in the Ba Che and Tien Yen river basins.

IMPLEMENT POLICIES ON TRAINING AND FOSTERING CADRES AND CIVIL SERVANTS OF KHMER IN THE MEKONG DELTA, VIETNAM

Cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people in the Mekong Delta have an essential position and role in implementing the Party's guidelines and guidelines, policies, and laws of the State to present with the people and directly manage society to achieve order, stability, and development. Cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people are the bridge between the Party, State, and the people, reflecting the people's legitimate thoughts and aspirations for the Party and State. Based on the method of document research, and secondary data, the paper outlines the characteristics of the Khmer people in the Mekong Delta; viewpoints and lines of the Party, policies, and laws of the State on training and retraining policies for cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people; On the basis of the actual situation of the policy, the thesis has proposed a number of solutions to improve the effectiveness of the policy on training and fostering cadres and civil servants who are ethnic Khmer people in the Mekong Delta.  Article visualizations

Sintering behavior and physical properties of Bi0.5(Na1–xKx)0.5SnO3 lead-free ceramics

In this study, Bi0.5(Na1–xKx)0.5SnO3 (BNKS) ceramics (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) were fabricated via ultrasound wave before milling. The time of ball milling decreased from 20 to 1 h. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the BNKS has a single-phase structure. When the potassium content increases, the phase structure of the ceramics changes from rhombohedral to tetragonal. When sintered at 1100 °C and x = 0.2, the ceramics’ physical properties are the best with the mass density of 5.59 g/cm3, the electromechanical coupling constants kp of 0,31 and kt of 0.27, the remanent polarization of      11.9 µC/cm; the dielectric constant εr of 1131, and the highest dielectric constant emax of 4800