Identification of Academic Challenges Facing Most Vulnerable Children in Zanzibar: A case study of West District

The main goal of this study was to identify educational challenges facing Most Vulnerable Children in Zanzibar, The study was guided by four research objectives; To explore, analyze and understand challenges affecting Most Vulnerable Children which influence low educational performance, to identify factors that influence poor performance among Most Vulnerable Children in Primary schools, to gain a deeper and comprehensive understanding of factors that obstructs MVC to access quality Education and to discover the relationship exist between Child living in difficult circumstances and low academic achievement. Different sources of literature review such as books, journals and theories and empirical literature studies were used. The study was conducted in West District of Zanzibar City covering 5 schools. The study utilized purposeful sampling to select 80 participants. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, questionnaire, group discussion and document analysis. Owing to the participants’ vulnerability and the sensitive nature of this study, confidentiality was maintained at all levels. In relation to the objectives of this study, the research findings indicated that, Most Vulnerable Children face many challenges in their learning such as, stigma and discrimination, chronic illness, they can’t afford school fees, trauma, hunger and their teachers have inadequate knowledge and skills to teach them. The study however demonstrated that support was critical in enhancing learning and social integration of Most Vulnerable Children. Also the study findings indicated that collaborative efforts are necessary to improve the learning situation of Most Vulnerable Children, therefore community, government and schools should direct their efforts and practices towards improving the Most Vulnerable Children right to education

عدد السيطرة المرمزة في البيان

ليكن G(V,E)  بيان بسيط ومتصل ومنتهي . نسمي ¦ : V(G) ® {-1,1} دالة سيطرة مرمزة للبيان G إذا كان من أجل كل رأس vÎV(G), فإن المجاورات المغلقة لذلك الرأس تحوي عدد من الرؤوس تحمل الوزن 1 أكثر من عدد الرؤوس التي تحمل الوزن -1. كما يعرف عدد السيطرة المرمزة في البيان G ونرمزه gs(G) بأنه أصغر وزن لمجموعة من مجموعات السيطرة المرمزة لذلك البيان G. في هذا المقال نحسب عدد السيطرة المرمزة في الجداء الديكارتي لمسارين P­m و Pn من أجل m=8 و n كيفي

Numerical study on heat transfer enhancement in a curved channel with baffles

Curved channel is commonly used in cement mill's journal bearing. In this study, heat transfer enhancement of curved channel having a rectangular cross-section with using inclined shape baffles is numerically investigated. The effects of different parameters of baffles, i.e. attack angle (α= 45°, 60°, and 90°), and the number of baffles (NB=9 and 13 baffles) are examined. The water is selected as working fluid for laminar and turbulent flow region. A standard k-ε turbulence model together with enhanced wall treatment is applied to solve the complex flow in Re of 500–5000. Influences of those parameters on heat transfer and friction performances in terms of Nusselt number, friction factor , Nussellt number enhancement ratio, and thermal performance factor, respectively are studied. The results show that the best condition to achieve maximum heat transfer at angle α = 90° , NB=13 and Re=5000 compared with other conditions. Furthermore, the maximum thermal performance factor (TEF) of the curved channel with using baffles is 4.4 at the same condition. This indicated that the geometry of baffles inside curved channel can improve the heat transfer significantly with reasonable increase in friction losses

The Effect of Area Reduction of Forward Die on the Combined Forward- Backward Extrusion Process

The effect of reduction area for flat and conical dies in forward-backward extrusion process was investigated experimentally using flat punches with three reduction areas (0.305,0.444,0.605), 0.444 with cone angles (60o,90o,120o) and polygonal punches (hexagonal and square).Three reduction areas of dies (0.395, 0.555, 0.691) are used. The results show that the extrusion load is effected with reduction area of flat dies more than conical dies when using cone and flat punches while the reduction area of conical dies affected with square punch more than hexagonal punch and this result was inversed with flat dies. The relative extrusion pressure P/ increases when the reduction area of conical and flat dies increases too for all punches, but this result contrasts with the square punch at conical dies.The less value of max. stress was found with cone punch of prism angle 120o among cone punches for conical dies except the die of reduction area (0.555) and the cone punch of 90o prism angle gave less max. stress with all flat dies. Flat punch of reduction area (0.444) among the flat punches gave less value of max. stress with all conical dies and flat die of reduction area (0.691)

Protein Estimating in Imported Poultry Feed Mixture and Soybean Meal to Iraq

This study aimed to evaluate rate of the protein in the imported poultry feed and soybean meal to Iraq and know the effect of different rates of the protein on the poultry. Samples of used feed in poultry nutrition has collected, where (38) samples of soybean meal took and (62) samples of imported poultry feed mixture and it has been tested in the kjeldahl device. The results indicated the rate of the protein in soybean meal was (36-39) , (41-47) and (48-49) in 3 samples (8%) , 30 samples (80%) and 5 samples (13%) respectively and the rate of the protein in poultry feed was (15-16), (16-21) and (22-24) in 6 samples (6%), 56 samples (90%) and 2 samples (3%) respectively. This study concluded that it must estimate the rate of the protein for the imported soybean meal; poultry feed mixture to ensure the quality of the feed within the frame work allowed

Haematologic Parameters In Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Patients Treated With ALL Trans- Retinoic acid

Background: Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) is commonly associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and early correction of coagulopathy is of vital importance. All Trans-Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is considered to be the drug of choice in the treatment of APL.  Objective: The work was conducted to 1- Identify patients with APL who show laboratory evidence of DIC. 2- Study the serial changes in haemostatic parameters in APL patients treated with ATRA and to compare their results with those treated with conventional chemotherapy without ATRA. Subjective and methods: In this prospective study (from October 2003 to October 2005), 44 newly diagnosed, untreated APL patients were included. ATRA plus chemotherapy – treated patients were 24 while 17 patients were treated with chemotherapy other than ATRA. For each patient, a full clinical evaluation was done and hematological investigations were accomplished at time of diagnosis and repeated on day 3 and 7 of therapy. Diagnosis of DIC was based on finding a positive D- dimer test with hypofibrinogenaemia with or without pathologically prolonged (PT and/or APTT). Results: In 44 newly diagnosed, untreated APL patients studied, the age range between 6-81 years with a median of 27 years. Male to female ratio was 1.3:1. Before treatment all patients had anemia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated level of D – dimer. DIC was present in all patients at time of diagnosis. All parameters that showed abnormal level at time of diagnosis had returned to normality within one week in ATRA treated group, indicating that DIC has essentially resolved. By contrast, those parameters remained abnormal even on day 7 in the chemotherapy treated group. Indicating that DIC was on going. Conclusion: ATRA therapy in APL patients is associated with rapid improvement of coagulopathy therefore , it is justified to be used from day one of the treatment

Financial development and economic growth in an oil-rich economy: The case of Saudi Arabia

© 2014 Elsevier B.V.We investigate the effect of financial development on economic growth in the context of Saudi Arabia, an oil-rich economy. In doing so, we distinguish between the effects of financial development on the oil and non-oil sectors of the economy. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test technique, we find that financial development has a positive impact on the growth of the non-oil sector. In contrast, its impact on the oil-sector growth and total GDP growth is either negative or insignificant. This suggests that the relationship between financial development and growth may be fundamentally different in resource-dominated economies

Comparison of Mycotoxin Contamination levels of Local and Imported Corn in Iraq

The study included determining pollution level of mycotoxin (aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, T2 / HT2) in local and imported corn in Iraq because it causes health damage and economic losses. In this study, 100 samples were collected from 50 samples of local corn, and 50 samples of imported corn and assed for mycotoxins test using ELISA technique and the results indicated the presence of the highest infection rates of mycotoxin in the local corn especially aflatoxin, where 28 sample at 56% were ranged between (20.1 - 157) ppb, which is higher than the allowable limits and 22 samples at (44%) were ranged between (5.1 to 2.9) ppb which is within the allowable limits , T2 / HT2 in 16 samples at (32%) of the total samples recorded less than (150) PPb which ranged between lowest value (25.8) ppb and the highest value (74.5) ppb and 34 samples at 68% with the value(0.0)ppb were is within the allowable limits, Ochratoxin, in 33 sample at 66% of the total samples less than(15) PPb recorded readings were  ranged between lowest value (1.5) ppb and the highest value (14.3) ppb, and 17 samples at  34% with the value (0.0)ppb,  which is also within the allowable limits in our country. Imported corn recorded readings in 24 samples at 48% as found by the three toxins and ranged the results of aflatoxin between the lowest value (0.8) PPb and the highest value (5.6) ppb and 26 samples at 52% with the value (0.0)ppb and T2 / HT2 results were ranged between the lowest value (3.1) ppb and the highest value (148) ppb and 26 samples at 52% with the value (0.0) ppb ochratoxin results were ranged between the lowest value (1.1) ppb and the highest value (5.7) ppb, and 26 samples at 52% with the value (0.0)ppb   and all of these results are within the allowable limits in our country. So we conclude from this study that the local corn was highest mycotoxin contamination than imported corn

Drug coverage in treatment of malaria and the consequences for resistance evolution - evidence from the use of sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine

BACKGROUND\ud \ud It is argued that, the efficacy of anti-malarials could be prolonged through policy-mediated reductions in drug pressure, but gathering evidence of the relationship between policy, treatment practice, drug pressure and the evolution of resistance in the field is challenging. Mathematical models indicate that drug coverage is the primary determinant of drug pressure and the driving force behind the evolution of drug resistance. These models show that where the basis of resistance is multigenic, the effects of selection can be moderated by high recombination rates, which disrupt the associations between co-selected resistance genes.\ud \ud METHODS\ud \ud To test these predictions, dhfr and dhps frequency changes were measured during 2000-2001 while SP was the second-line treatment and contrasted these with changes during 2001-2002 when SP was used for first-line therapy. Annual cross sectional community surveys carried out before, during and after the policy switch in 2001 were used to collect samples. Genetic analysis of SP resistance genes was carried out on 4,950 Plasmodium falciparum infections and the selection pressure under the two policies compared.\ud \ud RESULTS\ud \ud The influence of policy on the parasite reservoir was profound. The frequency of dhfr and dhps resistance alleles did not change significantly while SP was the recommended second-line treatment, but highly significant changes occurred during the subsequent year after the switch to first line SP. The frequency of the triple mutant dhfr (N51I,C59R,S108N) allele (conferring pyrimethamine resistance) increased by 37% - 63% and the frequency of the double A437G, K540E mutant dhps allele (conferring sulphadoxine resistance) increased 200%-300%. A strong association between these unlinked alleles also emerged, confirming that they are co-selected by SP.\ud \ud CONCLUSION\ud \ud The national policy change brought about a shift in treatment practice and the resulting increase in coverage had a substantial impact on drug pressure. The selection applied by first-line use is strong enough to overcome recombination pressure and create significant linkage disequilibrium between the unlinked genetic determinants of pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine resistance, showing that recombination is no barrier to the emergence of resistance to combination treatments when they are used as the first-line malaria therapy

Theoretical Comparison of Characteristics between Elliptical and Conventional Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing

In this research, two subjects are presented. The first one was, studying the effect of the ellipticity ratio on the bearing performance characteristics (flow rate, load number, power absorbed, and stiffness coefficients), where three different values of the ellipticity ratio (0.5, 1, and 1.5) were studied and the conventional bearing was considered as a reference for comparison with the elliptical bearing of different values of ellipticity ratio to demonstrate the effect of ellipticity ratio on the bearing performance, while the other aspect was, studying the effect of aspect ratio on the elliptical bearing performance. Three different values of aspect ratio (0.5, 1, and 1.5) were studied. This was achieved within the range (0.1 - 0.8) for the eccentricity ratio. The finite difference method was used to solve Reynold’s equation numerically to obtain the pressure distribution on the bearing surface and then the bearing characteristics were computed. The computer program (Matlab R2015a) was used for solving the equations used in this study. From the results, it was observed that increasing the ellipticity ratio gives an increase in the flow rate values and a decrease in the (load number, power losses, Krr, Kss, |Krs| and Ksr) values, while, increasing the aspect ratio gives an increase in the (flow rate, power losses, Krr, Kss, |Krs| and Ksr) values and a decrease in the load number values. It was also observed that the elliptical bearing has a (higher flow rate, lower load capacity, and less power losses), than the conventional bearing. In addition, the elliptical bearing has higher principle stiffness coefficients (Krr and Kss) in the region (n<0.41) and (n<0.66), respectively, and lower cross-coupling stiffness coefficients (Krs and Ksr), than the conventional bearing