Estudio de la eliminación en la leche de la cepa Rev 1 de Brucella melitensis en cabras vacunadas con dosis reducida

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the vaccination of lactating goats with Brucella melitensis Rev 1 strain ata reduced dose allows for the shedding of such strain in the milk. Exp 1 was carried out in a small goat farm located in Cuautitlán, State of Mexico, using 60 lactating goats with no brucellosis vaccination history. Goats were divided in two 30- goat groups (i.e.: a non vaccinated control and a B. melitensis Rev 1 strain-vaccinated group at a dose rate of 1 x 105 colony forming units (CFU's)/ml. Milk samples were collected daily during the first month, and then weekly during the second and third months postvaccination. Exp 2 was performed in Jaumave, State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, using 40 lactating goats that were divided in two groups. One 30-goat group was vaccinated with B. melitensis Rev 1 strain at the dose rate of 1 x 105 CFU's/ml subcutaneously. The remaining 10 goats were used as non vaccinated controls. Milk samples were collected from all 40 goats on d 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-vaccination. Sampling was performed this way because of farming conditions. Milk was centrifuged and the supernatant was inoculated in two plates (one Brucella Agar plate and one Farell's Medium plate). Plates were incubated at 37 È™,,C for 10 d. No isolates of colonies suggesting Brucella were obtained from any of all samples. In conclusion, B. melitensis Rev 1 strain was not isolated from adult goat milk throughout 90 d after vaccination with the dose rate recommended for Mexico.El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si al vacunar cabras en lactación con Rev 1 Brucella melitensis a dosis reducida,esta cepa es eliminada en la leche. El Exp 1 se efectuó en un chinchorro caprino localizado en Cuautitlán, Edo. de México, con 60 cabras en lactación sin antecedentes de vacunación contra brucelosis, las cuales se dividieron en dos grupos de 30 animales, uno de ellos sin vacunar, y el otro vacunado por ví­a subcutánea con Rev 1 de B. melitensis a dosis de 1 x 105 ufc/ml, se colectaron muestras de leche de los dos medios de la glándula mamaria diariamente durante el primer mes, y semanalmente en el segundo y tercer mes post-vacunación. El Exp 2 se llevó a cabo en Jaumave, Tamaulipas, se trabajó con 40 hembras en lactación, se dividieron en dos grupos, uno de 30 cabras vacunadas con Rev 1 a dosis de 1 x 105 ufc/ml por ví­a subcutánea y el otro constó de 10 cabras sin vacunar, de las 40 cabras se tomaron muestras de leche de los dos medios de la glándula mamaria los dí­as 3, 7, 14, 21 y 28 post-vacunación, este muestreo se realizó así­ debido a las condiciones de explotación. La leche fue centrifugada y el sobrenadante fue inoculado en dos placas, una de agar brucela y otra de medio Farell, que se incubaron a 37 È™,,C durante 10 dí­as. No se consiguió el aislamiento de ninguna colonia sugerente de Brucella de la totalidad de las muestras colectadas. En conclusión, la cepa vacunal Rev 1 de B. melitensis en la dosis recomendada en México para cabras adultas, no fue eliminada en leche, durante 90 dí­as post-vacunación

Replicability, Robustness, and Reproducibility in Psychological Science

Replication—an important, uncommon, and misunderstood practice—is gaining appreciation in psychology. Achieving replicability is important for making research progress. If findings are not replicable, then prediction and theory development are stifled. If findings are replicable, then interrogation of their meaning and validity can advance knowledge. Assessing replicability can be productive for generating and testing hypotheses by actively confronting current understandings to identify weaknesses and spur innovation. For psychology, the 2010s might be characterized as a decade of active confrontation. Systematic and multi-site replication projects assessed current understandings and observed surprising failures to replicate many published findings. Replication efforts highlighted sociocultural challenges such as disincentives to conduct replications and a tendency to frame replication as a personal attack rather than a healthy scientific practice, and they raised awareness that replication contributes to self-correction. Nevertheless, innovation in doing and understanding replication and its cousins, reproducibility and robustness, has positioned psychology to improve research practices and accelerate progress

Genome co-amplification upregulates a mitotic gene network activity that predicts outcome and response to mitotic protein inhibitors in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: High mitotic activity is associated with the genesis and progression of many cancers. Small molecule inhibitors of mitotic apparatus proteins are now being developed and evaluated clinically as anticancer agents. With clinical trials of several of these experimental compounds underway, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that determine high mitotic activity, identify tumor subtypes that carry molecular aberrations that confer high mitotic activity, and to develop molecular markers that distinguish which tumors will be most responsive to mitotic apparatus inhibitors. METHODS: We identified a coordinately regulated mitotic apparatus network by analyzing gene expression profiles for 53 malignant and non-malignant human breast cancer cell lines and two separate primary breast tumor datasets. We defined the mitotic network activity index (MNAI) as the sum of the transcriptional levels of the 54 coordinately regulated mitotic apparatus genes. The effect of those genes on cell growth was evaluated by small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS: High MNAI was enriched in basal-like breast tumors and was associated with reduced survival duration and preferential sensitivity to inhibitors of the mitotic apparatus proteins, polo-like kinase, centromere associated protein E and aurora kinase designated GSK462364, GSK923295 and GSK1070916, respectively. Co-amplification of regions of chromosomes 8q24, 10p15-p12, 12p13, and 17q24-q25 was associated with the transcriptional upregulation of this network of 54 mitotic apparatus genes, and we identify transcription factors that localize to these regions and putatively regulate mitotic activity. Knockdown of the mitotic network by siRNA identified 22 genes that might be considered as additional therapeutic targets for this clinically relevant patient subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: We define a molecular signature which may guide therapeutic approaches for tumors with high mitotic network activity

Tuberculosis in Pediatric Antiretroviral Therapy Programs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Diagnosis and Screening Practices

Background The global burden of childhood tuberculosis (TB) is estimated to be 0.5 million new cases per year. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children are at high risk for TB. Diagnosis of TB in HIV-infected children remains a major challenge. Methods We describe TB diagnosis and screening practices of pediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART) programs in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. We used web-based questionnaires to collect data on ART programs and patients seen from March to July 2012. Forty-three ART programs treating children in 23 countries participated in the study. Results Sputum microscopy and chest Radiograph were available at all programs, mycobacterial culture in 40 (93%) sites, gastric aspiration in 27 (63%), induced sputum in 23 (54%), and Xpert MTB/RIF in 16 (37%) sites. Screening practices to exclude active TB before starting ART included contact history in 41 sites (84%), symptom screening in 38 (88%), and chest Radiograph in 34 sites (79%). The use of diagnostic tools was examined among 146 children diagnosed with TB during the study period. Chest Radiograph was used in 125 (86%) children, sputum microscopy in 76 (52%), induced sputum microscopy in 38 (26%), gastric aspirate microscopy in 35 (24%), culture in 25 (17%), and Xpert MTB/RIF in 11 (8%) children. Conclusions Induced sputum and Xpert MTB/RIF were infrequently available to diagnose childhood TB, and screening was largely based on symptom identification. There is an urgent need to improve the capacity of ART programs in low- and middle-income countries to exclude and diagnose TB in HIV-infected childre

Estudio de la eliminación en la leche de la cepa Rev 1 de Brucella melitensis en cabras vacunadas con dosis reducida

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si al vacunar cabras en lactación con Rev 1 Brucella melitensis a dosis reducida,esta cepa es eliminada en la leche. El Exp 1 se efectuó en un chinchorro caprino localizado en Cuautitlán, Edo. de México, con 60 cabras en lactación sin antecedentes de vacunación contra brucelosis, las cuales se dividieron en dos grupos de 30 animales, uno de ellos sin vacunar, y el otro vacunado por vía subcutánea con Rev 1 de B. melitensis a dosis de 1 x 105 ufc/ml, se colectaron muestras de leche de los dos medios de la glándula mamaria diariamente durante el primer mes, y semanalmente en el segundo y tercer mes post-vacunación. El Exp 2 se llevó a cabo en Jaumave, Tamaulipas, se trabajó con 40 hembras en lactación, se dividieron en dos grupos, uno de 30 cabras vacunadas con Rev 1 a dosis de 1 x 105 ufc/ml por vía subcutánea y el otro constó de 10 cabras sin vacunar, de las 40 cabras se tomaron muestras de leche de los dos medios de la glándula mamaria los días 3, 7, 14, 21 y 28 post-vacunación, este muestreo se realizó así debido a las condiciones de explotación. La leche fue centrifugada y el sobrenadante fue inoculado en dos placas, una de agar brucela y otra de medio Farell, que se incubaron a 37 ?,,C durante 10 días. No se consiguió el aislamiento de ninguna colonia sugerente de Brucella de la totalidad de las muestras colectadas. En conclusión, la cepa vacunal Rev 1 de B. melitensis en la dosis recomendada en México para cabras adultas, no fue eliminada en leche, durante 90 días post-vacunación

Replicability, robustness, and reproducibility in psychological science

Replication, an important, uncommon, and misunderstood practice, is gaining appreciation in psychology. Achieving replicability is important for making research progress. If findings are not replicable, then prediction and theory development are stifled. If findings are replicable, then interrogation of their meaning and validity can advance knowledge. Assessing replicability can be productive for generating and testing hypotheses by actively confronting current understanding to identify weaknesses and spur innovation. For psychology, the 2010s might be characterized as a decade of active confrontation. Systematic and multi-site replication projects assessed current understanding and observed surprising failures to replicate many published findings. Replication efforts highlighted sociocultural challenges, such as disincentives to conduct replications, framing of replication as personal attack rather than healthy scientific practice, and headwinds for replication contributing to self-correction. Nevertheless, innovation in doing and understanding replication, and its cousins, reproducibility and robustness, have positioned psychology to improve research practices and accelerate progress