Kunsten å koke vann

Denne mastergradsoppgaven i pedagogikk handler om det å bli kokk. Her fokuseres det på hvordan en lærer å lage mat som restaurantkokkene. I kontrast til dagens utdanningsopplegg, hvor elevene begynner utdanningen med tradisjonell klasseromsundervisning, argumenteres det her for at kjøkkenet er stedet å starte undervisningen av de som skal bli kokker. Dette blir tydelig når en innser at en faktisk trenger en god del kjøkkenerfaring før en kan noe så tilsynelatende enkelt som å koke vann. Kunsten å koke vann handler også om noe mer enn at kokker må lære seg teknikker som reell vannkoking. Å mestre kunsten å koke vann handler også om å metaforisk sett få det indre vannet til å koke. I denne betydningen, som opprinnelig er et bilde på utviklingen i kampkunsten Taekwon-Do, gir kunsten å koke vann et bilde på realiseringen av kroppens potensiale, fra en starter med kaldt vann, til en har fått vannet til å koke. Greier en å holde vannet ved kokepunktet vil en også kunne forbedre sine ferdigheter, og lære det en kan videre til de som kommer etter

Biodegradation-mediated alterations in acute toxicity of water-accommodated fraction and single crude oil components in cold seawater

Hydrocarbon biodegradation may be slower in cold Arctic than in temperate seawater, and this will affect the toxicity time window of the hydrocarbons. In this study, the acute toxicities of water-soluble phases of 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and low energy water-accommodated fractions (LE-WAFs) of an evaporated (200 °C+) crude oil, were screened by a Microtox bioassay during biodegradation in cold seawater (4–5 °C). The water-solubility of fluoranthene was too low to provoke a toxic response at any time, whereas the toxicity of 1,3-dimethylnaphthalene and phenanthrene decreased over time in relation to biotransformation of these compounds. In LE-WAFs, the Microtox EC50 was associated with biodegradation of the predominant hydrocarbons (naphthalenes, 2- to 3-ring PAH), as well as with phenol degradation products. The acute toxicities of single hydrocarbons and LE-WAFs persisted for a longer period in the cold seawater than previously shown at higher seawater temperatures. These results suggest implications for fate and effects assessment of hydrocarbons after oil spills in cold environments, like the Arctic. However, further biodegradation studies using Arctic seawater and relevant species for toxicity testing are needed for confirmation.acceptedVersio

Mechanical ventilation in the ICU- is there a gap between the time available and time used for nurse-led weaning?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a key component in the care of critically ill and injured patients. Weaning from MV constitutes a major challenge in intensive care units (ICUs). Any delay in weaning may increase the number of complications and leads to greater expense. Nurse-led, protocol-directed weaning has become popular, but it remains underused. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify discrepancies between the time available for weaning and time actually used for weaning. Further, we also wished to analyse patient and systemic factors associated with weaning activity.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This retrospective study was performed in a 12-bed general ICU at a university hospital. Weaning data were collected from 68 adult patients on MV and recorded in terms of ventilator-shifts. One ventilator-shift was defined as an 8-hour nursing shift for one MV patient.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 2000 ventilator-shifts analysed, 572 ventilator-shifts were available for weaning. We found that only 46% of the ventilator shifts available for weaning were actually used for weaning. While physician prescription of weaning was associated with increased weaning activity (p < 0.001), a large amount (22%) of weaning took place without physician prescription. Both increased nursing workload and night shifts were associated with reduced weaning activity. During the study period there was a significant increase in performed weaning, both when prescribed or not (p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our study identified a significant gap between the time available and time actually used for weaning. While various patient and systemic factors were linked to weaning activity, the most important factor in our study was whether the intensive care nurses made use of the time available for weaning.</p

Spawning time in adult polar cod (Boreogadus saida) altered by crude oil exposure, independent of food availability

Fish early life stages are well known for their sensitivity to crude oil exposure. However, the effect of crude oil exposure on adults and their gametes during their spawning period is not well studied. Polar cod, a key arctic fish, may be at risk for crude oil exposure during this potentially sensitive life stage. Additionally, this species experiences lower food availability during their spawning season, with unknown combined consequences. In the present study, wild-caught polar cod were exposed to decreasing levels of a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil or control conditions and fed either at a low or high feed ration to assess the combined effect of both stressors. Samples were taken during late gonadal development, during active spawning (spawning window), and in the post-spawning period. Histology analysis of gonads from fish sampled during the spawning window showed that oil-exposed polar cod were more likely to have spawned compared to controls. Oil-exposed females had 947 differentially regulated hepatic genes, and their eggs had a higher polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon body burden compared to controls. Feed ration did not consistently affect polar cod’s response to oil exposure for the endpoints measured, however, did alone result in decreases in some sperm motility parameters. These results suggest that polar cod’s spawning period is a sensitive life event to crude oil exposure, while feed limitation may play a minor role for this supposedly capital breeder. The effects of adult exposure to crude oil on gamete quality and the next generation warrant further investigation

Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute

This open access book introduces readers to a new methodology for assessing the risks to the marine environment following accidental oil spills. The methodology will soon be implemented on the Norwegian Continental Shelf and will be complemented by guidelines for its use in a regulatory framework. The brief book is intended to provide international readers with a basic grasp of what the ERA Acute methodology consists of, what its applications are, and the underlying impact and restoration models used in its development. The content is divided into three main parts: an introduction and overview of risk management applications for generalists at the management level, a model overview for generalist scientists, and a more detailed final section for risk assessment professionals, which presents the results of the validation and sensitivity testing

Formulation and characterisation of drug-loaded antibubbles for image-guided and ultrasound-triggered drug delivery

The aim of this study was to develop high load-capacity antibubbles that can be visualized using diagnostic ultrasound and the encapsulated drug can be released and delivered using clinically translatable ultrasound. The antibubbles were developed by optimising a silica nanoparticle stabilised double emulsion template. We produced an emulsion with a mean size diameter of 4.23 ± 1.63 µm where 38.9 ± 3.1% of the droplets contained a one or more cores. Following conversion to antibubbles, the mean size decreased to 2.96 ± 1.94 µm where 99% of antibubbles were <10 µm. The antibubbles had a peak attenuation of 4.8 dB/cm at 3.0 MHz at a concentration of 200 × 103 particles/mL and showed distinct attenuation spikes at frequencies between 5.5 and 13.5 MHz. No increase in subharmonic response was observed for the antibubbles in contrast to SonoVue®. High-speed imaging revealed that antibubbles can release their cores at MIs of 0.6. In vivo imaging indicated that the antibubbles have a long half-life of 68.49 s vs. 40.02 s for SonoVue®. The antibubbles could be visualised using diagnostic ultrasound and could be disrupted at MIs of ≥0.6. The in vitro drug delivery results showed that antibubbles can significantly improve drug delivery (p < 0.0001) and deliver the drug within the antibubbles. In conclusion antibubbles are a viable concept for ultrasound guided drug delivery.publishedVersio

Formulation and characterisation of drug-loaded antibubbles for image-guided and ultrasound-triggered drug delivery

The aim of this study was to develop high load-capacity antibubbles that can be visualized using diagnostic ultrasound and the encapsulated drug can be released and delivered using clinically translatable ultrasound. The antibubbles were developed by optimising a silica nanoparticle stabilised double emulsion template. We produced an emulsion with a mean size diameter of 4.23 ± 1.63 µm where 38.9 ± 3.1% of the droplets contained a one or more cores. Following conversion to antibubbles, the mean size decreased to 2.96 ± 1.94 µm where 99% of antibubbles were <10 µm. The antibubbles had a peak attenuation of 4.8 dB/cm at 3.0 MHz at a concentration of 200 × 103 particles/mL and showed distinct attenuation spikes at frequencies between 5.5 and 13.5 MHz. No increase in subharmonic response was observed for the antibubbles in contrast to SonoVue®. High-speed imaging revealed that antibubbles can release their cores at MIs of 0.6. In vivo imaging indicated that the antibubbles have a long half-life of 68.49 s vs. 40.02 s for SonoVue®. The antibubbles could be visualised using diagnostic ultrasound and could be disrupted at MIs of ≥0.6. The in vitro drug delivery results showed that antibubbles can significantly improve drug delivery (p < 0.0001) and deliver the drug within the antibubbles. In conclusion antibubbles are a viable concept for ultrasound guided drug delivery.publishedVersio

Contrasting effects of summer and winter warming onbody mass explain population dynamics in a food-limitedArctic herbivore

-The cumulative effects of climate warming on herbivore vital rates and population dynamics are hard to predict, given that the expected effects differ between seasons. In the Arctic, warmer summers enhance plant growth which should lead to heavier and more fertile individuals in the autumn. Conversely, warm spells in winter with rainfall (rain-on-snow) can cause ‘icing’, restricting access to forage, resulting in starvation, lower survival and fecundity. As body condition is a ‘barometer’ of energy demands relative to energy intake, we explored the causes and consequences of variation in body mass of wild female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) from 1994 to 2015, a period of marked climate warming. Late winter (April) body mass explained 88% of the between-year variation in population growth rate, because it strongly influenced reproductive loss, and hence subsequent fecundity (92%), as well as survival (94%) and recruitment (93%). Autumn (October) body mass affected ovulation rates but did not affect fecundity. April body mass showed no long-term trend (coefficient of variation, CV = 8.8%) and was higher following warm autumn (October) weather, reflecting delays in winter onset, but most strongly, and negatively, related to ‘rain-on-snow’ events. October body mass (CV = 2.5%) increased over the study due to higher plant productivity in the increasingly warm summers. Density-dependent mass change suggested competition for resources in both winter and summer but was less pronounced in recent years, despite an increasing population size. While continued climate warming is expected to increase the carrying capacity of the high Arctic tundra, it is also likely to cause more frequent icing events. Our analyses suggest that these contrasting effects may cause larger seasonal fluctuations in body mass and vital rates. Overall our findings provide an important ‘missing’ mechanistic link in the current understanding of the population biology of a keystone species in a rapidly warming Arctic. Keywords: climate change, density dependence, extreme events, icing, nutrition, primary production, Rangifer, reindeer, Svalbard, weathe